combustion occurs externally; energy coupled to 
working fluid by heat transfer device Open cycle: working fluid 
discharged to atmosphere; e.g. all ICE Close cycle: working fluid 
recycled through engine; e.g. steam engine with condenser ICE Size: 
displacement volume 1cc to 1m3 per cylinder; comment on why it is 
difficult to build engine outside this range. Power: 10 W to 108 W per 
cylinder Applications: Automotive, marine, power generation, 
mechanical devic