New Threats to the Information Age
oComputers can be used to perform many traditional 
criminal acts.All Rights Reserved
Defining the Terms
o"Cyber" to mean "real" or "virtual" attached to a computer 
network
oCyber crime can easily be called cybercrime or computer 
crime and Cyber terrorism can be referred to as 
cyberterrorism. oMalware: viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, 
or other destructive software
-Short for malicious software
-Referred to as a "computer contaminant"
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Other Classification Schemes (2 of 3)
oGordon and Ford
-Type II offenses
?Do not involve malware
?Generally involve repeated contacts or events from 
the point of view of the victim
?Do not usually involve the use of software
?Examples: cyberstalking, harassment, child 
predation, extortion
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Other Classification Schemes (1 of 3)
oGordon and Ford developed two-category scheme:
-Type I offenses are primarily technological in nature 
and involve:
?A single or discreet event from the point of view of 
the victim
?Involves the use of malware
?Can be, but may not be, facilitated by computer 
software vulnerabilities
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The Reality of Increased Cybervictimization
oTwo trends drive the reality of increased cybervictimization:
-Increased use of computers
-Increased availability of technical information on virus 
creation and computer hacking techniques
?Who poses the greatest threat?All Rights Reserved
Changes to Cybervictimization and the Emergence of 
Cyber Terror
oThe dynamics and processes involved in the productive of 
cyber crime and cyber terrorism are virtually the same.All Rights Reserved
Carter's Classification of Computer Crimes
oComputer crimes can be classified into four 
categories:
-The computer as a target
-The computer as an instrument of a crime
-The computer as incidental to a crime
-Crimes associated with the prevalence of 
computers
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-2016 Trump/Hilary presidential campaign
oExamples include:
-Data alteration
-Network intrusion
-Computer vandalism
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New Threats to the Information Age
oThe number of Internet-connected devices--
including traditional computers, mobile decides, and 
newer technologies--is currently estimated to 
exceed 8.7 billion.In the late 1970s, the Bureau of 
Justice Statistics highlighted the emergence of computer crime through a 
series of publications that included an overview of important issues, 
Computer security, and crimes related to electronic fund transfers.All Rights Reserved
The Costs of Cybercrime (2 of 3)
oAmerican Bar Association (ABA) Survey 
-Estimated losses from computer-related crime ranged 
from $145 million to $730 million over a 1-year period. ?Offenses vary in character from clear criminality (e.g., theft, fraud, or 
destruction of data files) to acts where criminal culpability is less clear, 
such as violations of privacy (e.g., unauthorized access to credit reports or 
medical records).The majority of research in this are focuses on the 
mechanisms and techniques used rather than on the 
etiology of the offenders and the offenses they commit.-Russia and cyberterrorism
-Stuxnet and Israel
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The Costs of Cybercrime (1 of 3)
oEstimates of cost:
-Most estimates are derived from surveys of 
corporations and government agencies.All Rights Reserved
The Costs of Cybercrime (3 of 3)
oEarly ABA and FDLE studies focused on internal threats because
networks were limited in the 80s and early-90s.-Exploits trust
oExamples include:
-Theft
-Fraud
-Threats and harassment
-Bullying
Copyright (C) 2019, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.oExamples include:
-Money laundering
-Criminal enterprise
-Child pornography
-Luring victims
Copyright (C) 2019, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.-Intellectual property theft
-Component theft
-Counterfeiting
-Identify theft
-White collar crime
Copyright (C) 2019, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Corporate espionage
?Exploitation
?Stalking
?Identity theft
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-Outsiders -is increasing
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