Urogenital schistosomiasis
Adult S. haematobium worms live in the pelvic venous plexus, and the symptoms and pathological changes of urogenital schistosomiasis are closely associated with the passage of parasite eggs through the urinary bladder wall and egg deposition in bladder tissue and genital organs3,55.In both women and men, the manifestations of S. haematobium infection may play a part in HIV transmission by increasing the number of inflammatory cells and possibly viral load in semen and causing friable bleeding lesions on the cervical mucosa in women68.Urogenital schistosomiasis
Adult S. haematobium worms live in the pelvic venous plexus, and the symptoms and pathological changes of urogenital schistosomiasis are closely associated with the passage of parasite eggs through the urinary bladder wall and egg deposition in bladder tissue and genital organs3,55.In both women and men, the manifestations of S. haematobium infection may play a part in HIV transmission by increasing the number of inflammatory cells and possibly viral load in semen and causing friable bleeding lesions on the cervical mucosa in women68.Generally, late chronic infections are characterized by little or no detectable egg excretion and an accumulation of dead calcified tissue eggs, which may appear as yellow sandy patches in cystoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa58,59.Generally, late chronic infections are characterized by little or no detectable egg excretion and an accumulation of dead calcified tissue eggs, which may appear as yellow sandy patches in cystoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa58,59.Inflammation and granuloma formation around the ostium (the opening of the ureter in the bladder) blocking the passage of urine can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of a kidney as a result of a build-up of urine), which may, in some cases, result in a non-functioning kidney61.Very characteristic cervical lesions are found in S. haematobium infections, including active-stage lesions with intense tissue inflammation with live eggs and chronic-stage sandy patches with clusters of calcified eggs57,66.Inflammation and granuloma formation around the ostium (the opening of the ureter in the bladder) blocking the passage of urine can lead to hydronephrosis (swelling of a kidney as a result of a build-up of urine), which may, in some cases, result in a non-functioning kidney61.