The Anglo-Irishman Benjamin Kidd (1858-1916) was a civil servant and amateur 
naturalist who became a best-selling author with his controversial Social Evolution 
(1894).If we look to the 
native social systems of the tropical East, to the primitive savagery of Central Africa, to 
the West Indian Islands in the past in process of being assisted into the position of 
modern States by Great Britain, to the Black Republic of Hayti in the present, or to the 
Black Republic Hayti in the present or to modern Liberia in the future, the lesson 
seems everywhere the same; it is that there will be no development of the resources 
of the tropics under native government.However we may be inclined to 
hesitate before reaching this view, it is hard to see how assent to it can be withheld in 
the face of the consistent verdict of history in the past, and the unvarying support 
given to it by facts in the present.If we have to meet the fact 
that by force of circumstances the tropics must by force of circumstances the tropics 
must be developed, and if the evidence is equally be developed, and if the evidence is equally emphatic that such a development can only take place under the influence of 
the white man, we are confronted with a larger issue than any mere question of 
commercial policy or of national selfishness.The 
first step to the solution of the problem before us is simply to acquire the principle 
that in dealing with the natural inhabitants of the tropics we are dealing with peoples 
who represent the same stage in the history of the development of the race that the 
child does in the history of the development of the individual.The first principle of success in undertaking such a duty seems to 
the writer to be a clear recognition of the cardinal fact that in the tropics the white 
man lives and works only as a diver lives and works under water.Neither physically, morally, 
nor politically, can he be acclimatized in the tropics.....