Sebeok, Ed., A Perfusion of Signs, 1977, Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, p. 36)
The following chart offers examples of each kind of sign in
Peirce's theory:
Icons
Indexes
Symbols
Signify by:
Resemblance
Cause and effect
Convention
Example:
Photograph
Fire and smoke.Peirce also said a sign "is something
which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capac-
ity," which means that meaning is always created by individuals
(quoted in Zeman, p. 27). He also argued that the universe is "per-
fused with signs, if it is not composed exclusively of signs" (epigraph
in Sebeok, p. vi).121