Abstract
The Industrial Revolution can be termed as the transformation of traditional industrial practices into new techniques
dominated by the technologies available at that time.The definition of "sustainability trilemma" a
new term coined by the authors, and the reasoning for calling the next industrial revolution "Industry 4.0S" (another new
term) rather than Industry 5.0 are also presented. Keywords Industrial revolution . Sustainability . Artificial Intelligence . Internet of things . Collaborative robots . Digital twins . Edge computing . Block chain . Cyber-Physical Systems
Received: 18 February 2022 / Accepted: 20 January 2023 / Published online: 5 February 2023
(C) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2023
Industry 5.0 or industry 4.0S? Introduction to industry 4.0 and a peek
into the prospective industry 5.0 technologies
Abirami Raja Santhi1,2  . Padmakumar Muthuswamy1,2
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International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) (2023) 17:947-979
by various electronic devices. Digital sensors and computers became a part of the shop floor. Although the working conditions improved tremendously during this period,
exploitation of labor continued, cities became overcrowded,
and widespread pollution and environmental degradation
became common across the world. The ongoing fourth industrial revolution which is commonly referred to as Industry
4.0 or 4IR is built upon the third industrial revolution which
relied on transistors, sensors, and micro-electronics to generate data. The term Industry 4.0 was coined by German
Professor Wolfgang Wahlster, in the year 2011 at the Hannover Fair. It is the digital transformation of manufacturing
industries that focuses on automation, interconnectivity, and
real-time process optimization using enabling digital technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning
(ML), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber-Physical Systems
(CPS), Cloud computing, Additive Manufacturing (AM),
Digital twins, Cybersecurity and so on to communicate and
control each other [4, 5]. In other words, it can be called
the computerization of manufacturing in which advanced
digital technologies are married to industrial machines and
processes. The interconnection of these technologies into
the manufacturing setup is to achieve operational efficiency,
productivity, and automation to the highest possible extent
[6]. This in turn creates a manufacturing ecosystem that is
smart, connected, and driven by data. The fundamental model of Industry 4.0 can be divided
into digital or computing technologies that are married
with the systems of the physical world. While AI, ML, Big
Data, Cloud Computing, and cyber security form a part of
the core computing technologies, other technologies such
as Automation and Robotics, IoT, CPS, and AM form the
physical part. These technologies together realize the benefits of Industry 4.0 systems to enable agile, flexible, and
on-demand manufacturing which is an essential part of
smart manufacturing or smart factories. While there are
tremendous advantages for the industries in implementing
these technologies to achieve competitive advantage and
higher operational efficiency, there is widespread apprehension about the potential job loss for low-skilled laborers due
to the high level of automation which can cause economic
imbalance and greater inequality in the society [7]. The various stages of the Industrial Revolution with their timeline,
driving force, and technologies are shown in Fig. 1. While the world is still trying to adapt and realize the
potential of Industry 4.0, some industrialists and scholars
have started envisioning and discussing the next Industrial
Revolution, Industry 5.0. If Industry 4.0 is about digitally
connecting machines to enable a seamless flow of data and
the highest possible optimization, Industry 5.0 is believed
to bring humans back into the game for collaboration and
introduce the human touch to manufactured products while
simultaneously focusing on sustainable manufacturing [8,
9]. Elon Musk, a visionary entrepreneur and CEO of one
of the most highly automated factories in the world, Tesla
Inc., has acknowledged the downside of excessive automation through his tweet in April 2018, "Yes, excessive automation at Tesla was a mistake.Humans are underrated". He went on to admit that robots
have slowed down production, and humans, not machines,
were the solution. This is in line with the predictions that the
next big thing would be the collaboration between humans,
robots, and digital technologies. 1.1 Need for the study
Despite the ongoing adaptation of Industry 4.0 in various sectors and growing discussions on Industry 5.0, this
paper aims to provide a brief background on the enabling
technologies of Industry 4.0 and their application in various functions of manufacturing industries, the prospective
Industry 5.0 technologies and their potential applications
Fig. 1 The various stages of the Industrial Revolution
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International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) (2023) 17:947-979
and attempts to answer the following five research questions (RQ),
RQ1. What are the enabling technologies of Industry 4.0
and their application in manufacturing industries? RQ2. What are the socio-economic challenges of Industry 4.0 technologies? Why must the industries overlook
these technologies and upgrade to the prospective Industry
5.0 technologies? RQ3. What are the prospective technologies of Industry
5.0 and their application in manufacturing industries? RQ4. What is "sustainability trilemma" and how does
Industry 5.0 technologies help to overcome it?Why "Industry 5.0" must be called "Industry
4.0S"? The above questions are answered through various sections of this article. The Sect. 2 introduces the various
enabling technologies of Industry 4.0 and their application
in manufacturing industries which aims to answer RQ1. The
socio-economic challenges of Industry 4.0 technologies and
the reason to overlook these technologies and upgrade to
the prospective Industry 5.0 technologies are explained in
Sect. 3 which answers RQ2. The Sect. 4 of the article discusses the predictions from industry leaders and provides
the definitions of Industry 5.0 as quoted by industries and
scholars. The scholarly articles related to the prospective
Industry 5.0 technologies and their application in manufacturing industries are discussed in Sect. 5 which answers
RQ3. The definition of "sustainability trilemma" a new
term coined by the authors, the sustainability dimension
of Industry 5.0 technologies, and how the industries can
embrace sustainable development using the technologies
are discussed in Sect.1.2 Methodology and structure
To understand the enabling technologies of Industry 4.0,
prospective Industry 5.0 technologies, and their respective
application in various functions of manufacturing industries, a comprehensive literature review was performed.The first three industrial revolutions were driven respectively by
mechanization, electrification, and automation which had gradually transformed the agrarian economy into a manufacturing-based economy.To be precise, my mistake.RQ5.6 which answers RQ4.