1) Microscopes :
o Microscopes are useful to investigate morphology, size, 
structure and even composition of solids depending upon the 
type of microscope .o The impression left behind in the material is investigated 
using a suitable microscope .4) Electric And Magnetic Measurements:
o Two or four probe measurements, Magneto resistivity, 
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Superconducting 
Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), Magneto-Optical 
Measurements (Kerr and Faraday rotation).Spectroscopies are useful for chemical state analysis 
(bonding or charge transfer amongst the atoms), electronic 
structure (energy gaps, impurity levels, band formation and 
transition probabilities) and other properties of materials . 3) Spectroscopies :
o UV- Vis -IR, FTIR, AAS, ESR or EPR, NMR, ESCA, XPS, 
AES.o SEM, TEM, STM, AFM, SNOM, and some of the powerful 
microscopes are able to resolve structures up to atomic 
resolution .o It has a pyramid shape.