Other 2023 studies examined ChatGPT within digitized learning environments. Castillo
et al. ((2023) investigated the effect of Changes on digitized learning processes in higher
education using a quantitative descriptive approach. Based on students’ self-reported data, the study reported improvements in learning efficiency and task completion speed.
At the same time, the authors raised concerns about diminished critical thinking and
potential threats to academic integrity resulting from excessive reliance on the tool.
As research progressed, scholars began to focus on discipline-specific applications of
ChatGPT, particularly in mathematics education. Asare et al. (2023) examined the im-
pact of ChatGPT on mathematics performance among undergraduate and postgraduate
students. The results showed no statistically significant direct effect of ChatGPT usage
on academic achievement; however, student interest played a significant moderating
role, indicating that ChatGPT is more effective when learners are motivated and actively
engaged.
In 2024, research expanded both methodologically and contextually. In mathematics
education, Delima et al. (2024) investigated the influence of ChatGPT on mathematics
self-regulated learning and mathematics anxiety using a correlational survey design.
Their findings revealed higher levels of self-regulated learning among students who used
ChatGPT, while no significant differences were observed in mathematics anxiety.
Broader investigations of ChatGPT adoption in higher education were also conducted
in 2024. Zafar et al. (2024) examined the use of ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
among university students using a large-scale survey. The study reported perceived im-
provements in learning efficiency, academic performance, and access to personalized
learning support. Nevertheless, participants also expressed concerns regarding overre-
liance on ChatGPT, reduced independent thinking, and academic integrity issues. Like-
wise, Youssef et al. (2024) examined the relationship between ChatGPT usage and student
engagement, critical thinking, and academic achievement using a quantitative survey-
based approach. Their findings indicated positive associations between ChatGPT usage
and all three outcomes, suggesting that ChatGPT may function as a supportive learning
tool when used appropriately.
More recent 2024 studies extended ChatGPT research to specialized academic disci-
plines. ? investigated the impact of ChatGPT-assisted instruction in physics education
using a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control groups. The results
demonstrated statistically significant improvements in students’ higher-order thinking
skills, particularly in analysis, evaluation, and creativity, when ChatGPT was integrated
within project-based learning strategies.
Faculty perspectives were also addressed during this stage of research. El-Seoud et al.
(2023) explored instructors’ perceptions of ChatGPT in university teaching using survey
data collected from faculty members. The findings indicated that ChatGPT may enhance
student engagement, writing quality, and problem-solving skills, while also raising con-
cerns related to plagiarism, reduced independent thinking, and ethical challenges asso-ciated with AI-assisted learning.