Overview of gene regulation
 ?Definition: The process by which cells control the expression of genes.RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), microarrays.Helps fetus to harvest oxygen from maternal blood
 ?Gene regulation determines which globin polypeptides are made to 
become functional hemoglobin
2/17/2025
 12
 Living organisms grow and develop
 ?Gene regulation is an important process that allows organisms 
to proceed through developmental stages.Why we need control of gene expression
 ?All our body cells contain identical genetic instructions
 ?However, these cells appear very different
 ?Muscle cells, nerve cells and epithelial cells are different
 ?This morphological difference reflects a profound difference in gene 
expression
2/17/2025
 4
 Overview of gene regulation
 ?Red blood cells develop from cells which express oxygen carrying 
protein,  haemoglobin.2/17/2025
 5
 Gene regulation in bacteria
 ?Most commonly occurs at the level of 
transcription
 ?Also, can control rate of translation
 ?Can be regulated at protein or post
translation level
 Prokaryotic (Bacterial) gene regulation
 ?Responds to changes in the environment.Post-translation
 Levels of Gene 
Expression Control 
in Eukaryotic Cells
 9
2/17/2025
 10
 Gene regulation in eukaryotes 
?Cell differentiation: necessary to produce different cell types in 
an organism
 ?All of the organism's cells contain the same genome but 
express different proteomes due to gene regulation
 ?2/17/2025
 3
 Importance of gene regulation
 ?The regulation of gene expression plays a central role in development 
from a zygote to a  multicellular organism
 ?Essential for cellular differentiation, development, and response to 
environmental changes.Different amounts of the same protein
 Gene regulation in eukaryotes 
2/17/2025
 11
 Developmental gene regulation in mammals
 ?Example: Hemoglobin in fetal versus adult humans.Overview of gene regulation
 ?The expression of ?- galactosidase protein is induced by addition of 
lactose to the medium of E.coli.RNA processing, splicing, and stability (e.g., microRNAs, RNA-binding proteins).?Majority of genes regulated to ensure that proteins are produced at the correct time 
and amount.Eukaryotic Regulation
 ?Five primary levels of control:
 B. Cytoplasmic levels: 
4.Translational control.Control of RNA synthesis (e.g., transcription factors, enhancers, silencers).ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation), bisulfite sequencing.?CRISPR-Cas9
 ????????????