?Subcontracting   
Public/ Public partnerships 
Private/ Public partnerships 
Use of Voluntary Organizations 
Commercial 
Public limited company (plc) Partnerships and sole  proprietor businesses (usually privately owned) -   Franchising  -   Management contracting  -   Private/public partnerships  -   Strategic alliances 
Joint ventures -   Consortium - type 
Voluntary 
Charitable associations and trusts at national and local levels, including business/professional,  sports, heritage and community groups 
M A J O R   S T A K E H O L D E R   T Y P E S   I N   T O U R I S M 
Public   (government and  government - funded  organizations ) ?These   are   the   five   principal   management   skills   required   in   this   industry 
Roles, Responsibilities, and Skills of a Management 
Roles, Responsibilities, and Skills of a Management 
Functions  of  
Management 
Planning 
Organizing 
Staffing Directing 
Controlling 
M A J O R   S T A K E H O L D E R   T Y P E S   I N   T O U R I S M 
There are three types of suppliers in the tourism industry 
Public   (government and government - funded organizations) 
C ommercial  
O perations 
V oluntary  
O rganizations 
M A J O R   S T A K E H O L D E R   T Y P E S   I N   T O U R I S M 
Table 1: Types of Stakeholders in Tourism 
Stakeholder Type Direct Operator Other Operation Types 
Public 
Central   government :   government   department   (e .Importance of  
Management  in the Tourism  
Industry 
P RO B L E M S   
AND  
S O LU T I O N S   I N   
M A N AG E M E N T   
F U N C T I O N S 1 -   The decreases of management performance  levels due to workload and less efficiency  2 -   Sometimes management is allotted a budget  to cover all expenses including the payrolls as  well and being understaffed is also a common  problem faced by the companies.In   addition,   voluntary   organizations   across   a   spectrum   of   professional   and   leisure   fields   provide   help   in   promoting   destinations,   interpretation   services   for   visitors,   and   administration   and   staffing   for   sports   and   arts   events   festivals,   for   example .Franchising   -   where   a   business   concept   including   a   proprietary   trademark/license,   an   operations   'recipe',   and   backup   management   training   and   support   systems,   is   franchised   to   another   operator   in   exchange   for   a   set - up   fee   and   an   annual   royalty .A   consortium   is   a   looser   arrangement   where   individual   businesses   retain   autonomy   while   engaging   in   activities   such   as   joint   purchasing   and   joint   promotion .There are some common management  functions problems and challenges: 
P RO B L E M S   
AND  
S O LU T I O N S   I N   
M A N AG E M E N T   
F U N C T I O N S 3 -   More   staff   but   less   efficient   work   from   management   results   in   lack   of   communication,   which   then   creates   misunderstandings   and   problems .Middle   management   requires   a   discipline   that   consists   of   a   set   of   five   basic   functions :   planning,   organizing ,   staffing ,   directing,   and   controlling .It   involves   different   activities   such   as   studying   tour   destinations ,   planning   and   organizing   tours ,   and   providing   accommodation .Management   in   the   tourism   industry   provides   broad   coverage   of   knowledge   and   skills   for   successful   management,   including   finance ,   marketing ,   meeting   customer   expectations,   and   managing   employees .o It   manages   staff,   and   daily   operations   and   sets   their   goals   of   achieving   tasks   and   satisfying   as   many   tourists   and   guests   as   they   can .The   role   of   management   varies   from   one   organization   to   the   other,   including   different   roles   of   each   title ,   for   example : 
Higher   management   is   only   responsible   for   maintaining   the   budget   and   focusing   on   promoting   and   increasing   the   tourism   industry .Local   government :   cultural   and   recreation   facilities   and   services,   physical   planning 
Government agencies   National tourism organizations,  heritage, sports, and culture organizations.departments   dealing   with   the   tourism   industry,   arts   and   sports,   economic   development,   physical   planning,   travel,   passports,   and   immigration) .Thus,   ownership   is   spread   among   organizations,   such   as   pension   funds,   and   individuals .Others   provide   comprehensive   backup   reservation   technologies   with   associated   international   branding   and   marketing   benefits .Similarly,   airline   code   sharing   and   marketing   agreements   by   Star   Alliance   and   One   World   provide   marketing   benefits   to   their   members .Central   government   departments   and   government - funded   organizations   may   be   directly   or   indirectly   involved   in   tourism .????g .?e .???g .???????g .???