Psychology is both an ancient and modern science, where the existence of humanity has been found.Subjects of psychology will not be understood without the number to their deep origins "philosophical - biological - physiological ... And other sciences. The stage of modern philosophy: Psychology appeared in modern philosophy during the European Renaissance, which was characterized by many changes and developments that reached the philosophical view of soul, mind and human behavior in general. Among the most important philosophers whose theories emerged in this time period are the following:

John Locke: John Locke believed that man was born and is a white page, colored by all kinds of sensory experiences by gaining mental knowledge about delving into experimental and external environmental reality. Descartes: Descartes studied the feeling as one of the most important and prominent characteristics of the human mind, he did the dispute between the relationship between the physical body and the intangible mind. Definition of psychology

Definition of psychology: To date, scientists have not reached a unified definition of psychology on which researchers or the majority of them gather, and this is due to the nature of psychology's association with philosophy; where it meets with the method and method of research, and deals with the study of topics with a philosophical approach, except for the nature of its influence on other sciences, which leads to a difference and difference of opinions and views in clarifying what this science and its concept, so the concepts about psychology differed and the multiplicity, and from the mentioned definitions of psychology. 3. Branches of psychology

The need for the branching of psychology has emerged to many branches, due to the expansion of other humanities and natural sciences and the expansion of their studies, so many branches appeared that addressed many aspects of the life and interaction of the individual and the environment, and these branches include:

3.1. Social psychology

It is the science that studies the relationship of the individual with the group and the conditions of upbringing imposed by this group, and the extent of the influence of the culture of the social system and its values on the individual, his trends and inclinations. It is also concerned with the study of the mutual interaction between the individual and the group in all social situations. It is concerned with the study of public opinion and international relations, and the differences between individuals according to the social classes. 3.2. Developmental psychology

It is the science that is concerned with the study of human behavior during the passage of different age stages and the factors affecting the growth process, that is, it deals with the age stages of childhood, adolescence, youth, adulthood and developmental characteristics of each stage, in addition to knowing the differences in developmental manifestations between individuals in different stages, and how the individual acquires different skills and experiences during his exposure to different situations. 3.3. Personality psychology

It is the science that studies ways to classify individuals into categories according to their personal characteristics through which it formulates the laws and principles of conduct, in addition to studying the factors affecting personality traits and their composition. 3.4. Physiological psychology

It is the science that generally studies human behavior from a physiological perspective, that is, understanding the physiological basis of this behavior, the physiological psychology is concerned with studying the nervous system and its functions and the extent of their impact on behavior. It deals, for example, with the mechanism of feeling and sensations through the study of neurologicals and their pathways, and the ways the brain control over behavioral processes, in addition to studying the deaf glands, and the extent to which their functions affect behavior. - He studies how this behavior occurs and is done? Why is it happening

Behavior as a complex total activity includes three aspects in which we can distinguish: the cognitive aspect: We are aware of the different manifestations and events around us and we interact with certain symbols and meanings, perception. Excellence. The evolution The imagination Thinking. Remembering. Linguistic symbolic expression is the cognitive aspect of behavior. The motor side:

It means the motor response to weak verbal instructions or alerts (such as the response to the signal of passing walking or standing) (and in the process of writing poetic verses in the realization of the meaning of verses and words). Emotional aspect of behavior:

It is the emotional state that accompanies the behavior, the tendency to a subject, enthusiasm for it and the demand for it are engines and stimulants of behavior, and satisfaction and discomfort towards the subject of behavior affects the arbitration of behavior or interruption of its response. The structure of behavior therefore includes three aspects of "cognitive-rathic perception - procedural motor - emotional and emotional" these three aspects in an integrated unit.A thousand of the great books, the most important of which is "the utopia" and his theory of the soul is based on the fact that the soul has four forces:

The food force: It is the force with which a person feeds and the main force is replaced by the heart, and then secondary forces branch out in the body, namely the stomach, the liver and the spleen. Sense strength: With it, the five senses are perceived so that each sense is concerned with a certain aspect of the feeling. The imagined power: and it draws in the soul from the senses after its absence from the sense and the synthesis of the images of the senses as it imagines the thing that has passed and that will happen




Psychology of Europeans


In Europe, at the beginning, there was no great scientific reflection on the nature of the human psyche, as it was the darkest and cruelest era against mental or physical illness or physical disability, and this is due to the control of the church men who were killing the disabled for their misery and the misery of the gods for them and burning the mental illness, as scientists who did not walk in the class and opinions of church men because they touched them from the devil in the belief of church men. It was necessary to wait for the 17th century to start the French philosopher "Descartes 1576/1650 AD

A breakthrough that supported psychological research, so that the body is a machine that moves and behaves according to predictable ways if its input is known and what can be predicted is subject to scientific research, whether for human or animal membership, and these explanations that

Descartes presented its physical principles on the mechanisms of the body, as well as Lamtry 1709/1751 applied the same mechanical interpretation to human behavior and feeling is a machine that depends physically and mind on physical events such as disease, blindness ... Otherwise, the English news philosophy, which means all human knowledge, was caused by experience and not from innate ideas and represents the news philosophy "John Locke-David Humeume-James Mill" and one of its qualities is that it is the psychology of the senses.Comparative psychology:

In this field, similarities and differences in the behavior of animals of different types are identified.Or the so-called Middle Ages and the modern and contemporary eras with the emergence of several schools in modern psychology in the history and development of psychology among various civilizations, and what we find in the history of these ancient civilizations is surprising and admiration, such as the Greek civilization with its philosophical character in particular, although there are great civilizations before the knowledge of the Egyptians and Babylonians in arithmetic and astronomy.1.1.