r, we did observe differences in the direct effects of job insecurity, job control, and job strain on life stress between men and women.This may be due to the abbreviated measure used in our study, although previous studies using this abbreviated measure (albeit in different samples) have found that low job con- trol does have a stronger impact on psychological distress (measured cross-sectionally) (Vermuelen and Mustard, 2000) and future incidence of hypertension (P. M. Smith et al., 2013) among men compared with women.Our findings of the absence of the effects of job con- trol on work stress levels and protective effect of low job control on life stress levels among men (but not among women) contradict other studies on this topic (Vermuelen and Mustard, 2000; Griffin et al., 2002; Steptoe and Willemsen, 2004; De Bruin and Taylor, 2006; Riverra- Torres, 2013; Hattori and Munakata, 2015).