United Kingdom of Great Britain as a Superpower
1.2.1.It also included New South Wales, a penal colony on the Australian continent that was established in 1788 as a "dumping ground" for British convicts.(Lloyd)
In addition, Britain maintained a colony in Sierra Leone, several trade ports in West Africa, and many colonies in the West Indies, notably Barbados and Jamaica. For strategic reasons, it had also taken the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1795, right in the middle of the French Revolutionary Wars. India, a prestigious part of Britain's Empire, experienced expansion through wars and annexations, acquiring almost two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent by 1850. Britain significantly expanded its territory in Africa and Southeast Asia, including Egypt, Kenya, Uganda, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, and the Afrikaner republics of southern Africa. These colonies were mostly insignificant economically, while in Southeast Asia, Britain acquired the Malay Peninsula, North Borneo, and Burma. The author uses historical events and examples to support their arguments, making the text assertive, 
well structured, and coherent, providing a clear understanding of the emergence of Great Powers and the role of Britain in the expansion of its empire during the 18th and 19th centuriry (Lloyd )
1.2.3.British Empire through The Industrial Revolution
	An important factor in the development of the British Empire was the Industrial Revolution, a revolutionary era of scientific advancements and social upheavals that occurred during the 18th and the 19th century. During this remarkable time, traditional agricultural cultures gave way to industrialized countries, with Britain setting the standard as an industrial superpower. Britain had the largest colonial possessions in the world, produced two-thirds of  world output of coal and one half of  world production of cotton textiles and iron, and pursued an armed policy of forcing free trade on other countries. The Industrial Revolution in Britain between 1770 and 1860 is traditionally seen as being largely the result of the British imposing a policy of strict free trade on its colonial possessions such as India. The Industrial Revolution changed the balance of power within Britain, with London being the center of population and political power, and Bristol and Norwich being the next largest towns. The centers of traditional woolen cloth production in the southwest and around Norwich were replaced by the factory industry in Yorkshire. The Industrial Revolution in Britain was a series of revolutions with different natures and mechanisms that occurred simultaneously in the years 1760 to 1860. The traditional view of the Industrial Revolution emphasizes the revolutionary nature of the period, while modern views emphasize that the events of 1760 to 1860 were merely an evolution from what had come before. Fig.1. Cotton Consumption 1760-1850
By the 1830s, cotton accounted for 20% of British imports and 50% of exports, with the industry growing from 0% to 8% of GNP by 1812, driven by a dramatic price drop
Furthermore the iron and steel industry experienced significant growth during the Industrial Revolution, with production in Britain increasing from 28,000 tons in 1750 to 250,000 tons by 1805. This growth was attributed to technical changes, such as the production of cast iron, wrought iron, and red-hot lumps. Pre-industrial furnaces used charcoal from wood, requiring large wood supplies for each ton of iron produced. Fig.02. Three main forms can be used to manufacture iron. In summary, the Industrial Revolution is a pivotal moment in human history and had a significant impact on the development of the British Empire. The revolution that brought about worldwide supremacy, economic reforms, and technical improvements were crucial in propelling Britain to the forefront of international affairs. The British Empire achieved unparalleled riches, power, and influence employing the growth of industries, the extension of trade networks, and the usage of colonial resources. (Clark)
Naval Supremacy (Royal Navy
The Royal Navy is the naval military organization of the United Kingdom, responsible for national defense at sea, shipping protection, and international military agreements. Established by Alfred the Great of Wessex, naval activity was initially local and temporary until the 13th century. Under Elizabeth I, the navy became England's major defense, and how the British Empire was extended globally. During the 18th century, the Royal Navy fought against the French Navy for maritime supremacy, leading Britain to victory in four wars. The Royal Navy helped enforce the Pax Britannica, a period of relative peace between major European states. ("Royal Navy |Policy responses included generous unemployment benefits and collective bargaining institutions, reducing wage flexibility, and raising the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate (NAIRU) by 4 percentage points above pre-1913 levels.Eisenhower believed that military intervention against Egypt for the Suez Canal was unnecessary in exchange for the Soviet Union's harsh repression of the Hungarian revolution.