The relatively higher MBC/MIC ratios for MRSA, E. coli, and C.
albicans imply that higher dosages or combination treatments may be necessary
for these pathogens.The
cytoplasm exhibits a consistent electron density, indicating that there is no
leakage or disruption of intracellular contents.Although C. albicans showed inhibition at a lower
concentration, the bacteriostatic nature of the extract (MBC/MIC ratio of 8)
suggests it may need to be supplemented with other antifungal agents for
complete eradication, especially in immunocompromised patients where fungal
infections can be more severe.The MIC and MBC results for MP fruit extract
underline its significant antimicrobial potential, particularly as a bactericidal
agent against MDR bacterial strains such as Enterococcus faecalis and
Salmonella typhi.The study of the antibiofilm activity of Murraya paniculata fruit extract against
several pathogenic organisms, including MDR bacteria and Candida albicans,
demonstrates its potential to inhibit biofilm formation.Future research should focus on
isolating specific bioactive compounds, determining optimal dosing, and
exploring synergistic effects with other antimicrobial agents to enhance its
efficacy against resistant pathogens.While it also shows efficacy against MRSA, E. coli, and
Candida albicans, these organisms require higher concentrations for bactericidal
or fungicidal activity, suggesting moderate resistance.The ultrastructural analysis and antibiofilm
activity results of MP fruit extract provide insights into its mechanism of action
against Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogenic organisms.This weakening may make the cells more susceptible to osmotic
stress and environmental factors, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the
extract compromises the bacteria's defenses.These findings support
further exploration of MP fruit extract as a natural antimicrobial, with potential
applications in bacterial and fungal infections.The spherical, cocci-shaped cells are densely packed with
intact cell walls, indicative of a healthy bacterial structure.