Antoine Berman linked literary translation with ethnocentrism and otherness.
In his study of German Romanticism (1992), he traced Herder's ideas on the intimate link between language and culture, Wilhelm von Humboldt's insistence on the need for translations to retain the foreignness of the foreign original, Schleiermacher's call on translators to take the reader to the foreign author rather than vice versa, and the uncompromising literalness of Hölderlin's German translations from Greek