such as drug design and development and toxicological and pharmacological trials of drugs.In the agricultural sector, biotech products, particularly the edible materials, have to compete with the products from the conventional sources that people prefer.The emergence of these protein and DNA chips has changed the proteomics and genomic researches and new fields such as pharmaco genomics and toxico genomics have emerged.But in the case of life-saving medicines--vaccines, alcohol, pesticides, weedcides etc.-- the products of conventional methods have been taken over by the biotech products.For example, there is no evidence yet to show that the rDNA product (a protein) has the correct folding of polypeptide chain to form the threedimensional structure by the posttranslational modifications as it happens in the actual system.The excitement and optimism about biotechnology has encouraged both public and private sectors to make huge investments in research and technology developments.Biotech industries, started as university supported private enterprises, have undergone many changes.