لخّصلي

Section One: The Concept of Public International Law In this section, we will study the definition of public international law (first), then the nature of public international law and the basis of its binding force (second), and finally the relationship between public international law and domestic law (third).A. Doctrinal Definition The definition of public international law has been studied from various perspectives.First: Definition of Public International Law Many doctrinal definitions of public international law have attempted to encompass the elements contained in the concept of public international law, and as this field has evolved, definitions have emerged that align with this development.These definitions connect international legal entities through international transactions, distinguishing them from public international law rules.

Section One: The Concept of Public International Law
In this section, we will study the definition of public international law (first), then the nature of public international law and the basis of its binding force (second), and finally the relationship between public international law and domestic law (third).
First: Definition of Public International Law
Many doctrinal definitions of public international law have attempted to encompass the elements contained in the concept of public international law, and as this field has evolved, definitions have emerged that align with this development. These definitions
connect international legal entities through international transactions, distinguishing them from public international law rules.
A. Doctrinal Definition
The definition of public international law has been studied from various perspectives. The classical perspective defines it as "a set of legal rules that govern the relations between states," meaning that this law concerns only the rights and obligations of states and the disputes that arise between them, with no recognition of any international legal entities beyond states. On the other hand, the subjective perspective focuses on the individual as the sole subject of international law, viewing the legal personality of states as merely a presumption without real existence. Thus, addressing states in their relations essentially means addressing individuals, as they are the only ones who possess true will.
The modern perspective includes three schools of thought: The first argues that the individual is the only subject of international law, denying that states have legal personality since they do not possess their own will like individuals. The second view maintains that the state is the principal subject of international law, alongside other international legal entities. The third recognizes both states, international organizations, and individuals as having international legal personality, though individuals have a more modest place. It is noted that international law is no longer confined to the subjects addressed by classical thought. Moreover, contemporary international law does not limit the enjoyment of international legal personality to states alone but also recognizes it for international organizations, groups, and sometimes individuals. Therefore, public international law can be defined as: "A set of binding legal rules that govern the relationships between international legal entities—states and international organizations—specifying their rights and obligations, and delineating the relationships that may arise between these entities and individuals."