لخّصلي

The Late Bronze Age (1600-1200/1100 BCE), marked by a new Egyptian empire, culminated in a widespread collapse around 1200 BCE. This "Bronze Age Collapse" affected interconnected civilizations across the Eastern Mediterranean, including the Hittites and Mycenaeans. The flourishing Mycenaean cities (Pylos, Mycenae, Tiryns, Iolkos, Gla, Orchomenos, Thebes, and Athens) were destroyed within a century, resulting in widespread abandonment and depopulation (Vermeule, 1964; Desborough, 1975). The collapse, characterized by societal upheaval, economic decline, and mass migrations, is attributed to various factors: climatic shifts, environmental degradation, technological changes, internal revolts, and invasions (e.g., the Sea Peoples). While the Eastern Mediterranean impact is well-documented, North Africa's experience, including Egypt's transition from the New Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period following significant turmoil, requires further research.

The Late Bronze Age crises and its impact in north Africa
Lakhdar benbouzid
I. Introduction:
The Late Bronze Age was placed between 1600- 1200/ 1100 B.C was dominant by the
emerge of new empire in Egypt, The Late Bronze Age collapse (approximately 1200 BCE)
involved the decline of several interconnected civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean,
including the Hittite Empire, Mycenaean Greece, and others, often attributed to factors such
as economic turmoil, invasions (like the Sea Peoples), climate change, and political
instability. Even though the 13th century B.C. witnessed the zenith of the Mycenean
civilization in Greece. The flourish of the major cities like: Pylos, Mycene, Tiryns, Iolkos,
Gla, Orchomenos, Thebes, and Athens. Then in almost one century after that, all of them
were destroyed. Many Mycenean sites were abandoned, and some areas of the Peloponnese
were seriously depopulated². (Vermeule, E., 1964, p 269-271) (Desborough V. R. 1975: p
658-660).
The Late Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE) was a period of profound transformation across the
Eastern Mediterranean, marked by the widespread collapse of major civilizations such as the
Hittites, Mycenaeans, and the New Kingdom of Egypt. This crisis, often referred to as the
Bronze Age Collapse, was characterized by widespread societal upheaval, economic decline,
and mass migrations. The causes of this collapse remain debated among scholars, with
theories ranging from climatic shifts and environmental degradation to technological
Late Bronze Age was placed between 1600-1200/ 1100 B.C was dominant by the
ge of new empire in Egypt. The Late Bronze Age collapse (approximately 1200 BCE)
volved the decline of several interconnected civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean,
including the Hittite Empire, Mycenaean Greece, and others, often attributed to factors such
as economic turmoil, invasions (like the Sea Peoples), climate change, and political
instability. Even though the 13th century B.C. witnessed the zenith of the Mycenean
civilization in Greece. The flourish of the major cities like: Pylos, Mycene, Tiryns, Iolkos,
Gla, Orchomenos, Thebes, and Athens. Then in almost one century after that, all of them
were destroyed. Many Mycenean sites were abandoned, and some areas of the Peloponnese
were seriously depopulated?. (Vermeule, E., 1964, p 269-271) (Desborough V. R. 1975: p
658-660).
The Late Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE) was a period of profound transformation across the
Eastern Mediterranean, marked by the widespread collapse of major civilizations such as the
Hittites, Mycenaeans, and the New Kingdom of Egypt. This crisis, often referred to as the
Bronze Age Collapse, was characterized by widespread societal upheaval, economic decline.
and mass migrations. The causes of this collapse remain debated among scholars, with
theories ranging from climatic shifts and environmental degradation to technological
changes, internal revolts, and invasions by the so-called Sea Peoples.
While the effects of the Bronze Age Crisis are well documented in the Eastern
Mediterranean, its repercussions in North Africa remain a subject of ongoing research. Egypt,
the dominant power in the region, faced considerable turmoil, leading to the weakening of its
empire and the eventual transition from the New Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period