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Marxism Marxism is a socio-economic, political, and philosophical theory developed primarily by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895).He explains that people see the world with love and gratitude, however, this world is also full of bad people who want to exploit the others by fulfilling their worse intentions (See page 22) The above explained text citation is the clear depiction of the application of the "Marxist" theory. The writer describes the poor and unlucky condition of the common people after the end of the Civil War. He is of the view that great societal change occurs when some famine or warrior condition persists for long duration of time. In addition, in the above mentioned text citation, the author explains the Irish people's condition when they used to deal with corn and severe scarcity of potato prevailed all around for the year of 1847. It articulates Marxist concerns, propounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, about economic determinism and class struggle in consequence of dialectic opposition between the oppressor and the oppressed leading to betterment in the society. The passage presents a critique of unjust civil practices caused by the economic elements due to civil war, and the same is the aim of Marxist criticism ? Economic conditions and social relationships: The story of the Boyle family shows how the material conditions influence behavior and beliefs and explains the power dynamics based on economic status though the conflicts that affect the family who is enduring oppression under industrial capitalism. Moreover, the creation of a classless society and an end to exploitation as predicted by Marx has been equated to the situation in O' Casey's play where the oppressed attempt to pull themselves out of the swamp of tyranny and make progress to lead a better life through freedom. There is no doubt that the work constitutes a sharp criticism of the organized institutions of Civil War and their respective representatives, just like "Jack Boyle," who has been represented as a failed captain and leader of his family.The relation between text and production is a relation of labour". The Marxist critic simply is a careful reader or viewer who keeps in mind issues of power and money. Key concepts include: ? Class struggle between the proletariat (working class) and bourgeoisie (ruling class) ? Economic determinism: the idea that economic relationships determine social structures ? Historical materialism: viewing history through the lens of class struggles ? Alienation of workers from their labor and its products ? Critique of capitalism as an exploitative system Main Marxist Ideas Relevant to Sean O'Casey's Juno and the Paycock: In the story of "Juno and the Paycock", the narrator explains the nature of human being as well as his observing power towards the surrounding.So Marxists generally view literature "not as works created in accordance with timeless artistic criteria, but as 'products' of the economic and ideological determinants specific to that era" (Abrams 149). Literature reflects an author's own class or analysis of class relations, however piercing or shallow that analysis may be. Marxist literary theory is predicated on the idea that literature is a product of social forces and ideology. However, Terry Eagleton insists that "The literary text is not the 'expression' of ideology, nor is ideology the 'expression' of social class.His works: "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), "Das Kapital" (1867) developed theories of historical materialism and class struggle and critique of capitalism. Karl Marx perceived human history to have consisted of a series of struggles between classes--between the oppressed and the oppressing. Whereas Freud saw "sexual energy" to be the motivating factor behind human endeavor and Nabokov seemed to feel artistic impulse was the real factor, Marx thought that "historical materialism" was the ultimate driving force, a notion involving the distribution of resources, gain, production, and such matters....?

Marxism
Marxism is a socio-economic, political, and philosophical theory developed primarily by Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). It analyzes society, economics, and history through the lens of class struggle and material conditions. • Karl Marx is the primary founder of Marxist theory. His works: "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), "Das Kapital" (1867) developed theories of historical materialism and class struggle and critique of capitalism.
Karl Marx perceived human history to have consisted of a series of struggles between classes--between the oppressed and the oppressing. Whereas Freud saw "sexual energy" to be the motivating factor behind human endeavor and Nabokov seemed to feel artistic impulse was the real factor, Marx thought that "historical materialism" was the ultimate driving force, a notion involving the distribution of resources, gain, production, and such matters.
Marxism is a form of dialectical materialism; it holds that all social realities are fundamentally material, that they have their origin and being in specific forms of labor and production, and that the history of society is the history of dialectical transformations in the relationship between labor and production. For Marx, there were two social classes, the capitalist and the proletariat.
Marx assumed that in a Capitalist structure, on the basis of economics the society is made up of three classes: ‘the bourgeoisie’, who control the means of production, ‘the peti-bourgeoisie’, who is used by elite class for their own benefit and ‘the proletariat’ who renovates unrefined commodities into antique economic goods. The bourgeoisie's power of the means of production gives them authority to control over the proletariat. It grants them to confine the laborers capability to fabricate and acquire what they demand to sustain. Marx concluded that capitalism is placed on ‘commodities’ and an employee's labor is a form of ‘commodity’(a material that can be bought and sold)..
Marxist Literary Criticism

According to Marxists, literature reflects those social institutions out of which it emerges and is itself a social institution with a particular ideological function. Literature reflects class struggle and materialism: think how often the quest for wealth traditionally defines characters. So Marxists generally view literature "not as works created in accordance with timeless artistic criteria, but as 'products' of the economic and ideological determinants specific to that era" (Abrams 149). Literature reflects an author's own class or analysis of class relations, however piercing or shallow that analysis may be.
Marxist literary theory is predicated on the idea that literature is a product of social forces and ideology. However, Terry Eagleton insists that “The literary text is not the ‘expression’ of ideology, nor is ideology the ‘expression’ of social class. The text, rather, is a certain production of ideology, for which the analogy of a dramatic production is in some ways appropriate. . . . The relation between text and production is a relation of labour”. The Marxist critic simply is a careful reader or viewer who keeps in mind issues of power and money.
Key concepts include:
 Class struggle between the proletariat (working class) and bourgeoisie (ruling class)
 Economic determinism: the idea that economic relationships determine social structures
 Historical materialism: viewing history through the lens of class struggles
 Alienation of workers from their labor and its products
 Critique of capitalism as an exploitative system
Main Marxist Ideas Relevant to Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock:
In the story of “Juno and the Paycock”, the narrator explains the nature of human being as well as his observing power towards the surrounding. He explains that people see the world with love and gratitude, however, this world is also full of bad people who want to exploit the others by fulfilling their worse intentions (See page 22)
The above explained text citation is the clear depiction of the application of the “Marxist” theory. The writer describes the poor and unlucky condition of the common people after the end of the Civil War. He is of the view that great societal change occurs when some famine or warrior condition persists for long duration of time. In addition, in the above mentioned text citation, the author explains the Irish people’s condition when they used to deal with corn and severe scarcity of potato prevailed all around for the year of 1847. It articulates Marxist concerns, propounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, about economic determinism and class struggle in consequence of dialectic opposition between the oppressor and the oppressed leading to betterment in the society. The passage presents a critique of unjust civil practices caused by the economic elements due to civil war, and the same is the aim of Marxist criticism
 Economic conditions and social relationships:
The story of the Boyle family shows how the material conditions influence behavior and beliefs and explains the power dynamics based on economic status though the conflicts that affect the family who is enduring oppression under industrial capitalism.
Moreover, the creation of a classless society and an end to exploitation as predicted by Marx has been equated to the situation in O' Casey's play where the oppressed attempt to pull themselves out of the swamp of tyranny and make progress to lead a better life through freedom.
There is no doubt that the work constitutes a sharp criticism of the organized institutions of Civil War and their respective representatives, just like "Jack Boyle," who has been represented as a failed captain and leader of his family.
Marx and Engels believe that the social relations between the members of a society are not the outcome of their will. Still, they are bound to go into these relations by materialistic need.

 The case of Juno and Mary:
A Marxist study argues that as sufferers of capitalistic imperial power, Juno and Mary are subject to narrow-minded (Catholic) and societal laws which create their individualities to suit the communion good of the State.
In addition, British capitalism dominates and degrades the men so that they are powerless in their societal, political, and economic roles. The choice to consent to an absurd situation---- Ireland‘s civil war is considered rather than enforced.
The women have manipulated for themselves a chance to move away from and outside conformist capitalistic convictions with the concentrating outcome of an alternate means of living which will rejoice their womanhood.
Because of the circumstances that she perceives around her, Mary wishes to reach out afar the tenement-house way of life. In the primer of her, we are made conscious that there are two forces... working in her mind – one, through the circumstances of her life pulling her back; the other through the influence of books she has read, pushing her forward (Ibid., p. 5). She needs to raise the familial hierarchy and transform her current life. Hence she is ready to abandon her societal background. A sub-plot has Mary Boyle tangled in an out-of-wedlock pregnancy on which the expectation of renewal of bodily and psychic reposes.
O‘Casey‘s description suggests that Mary‘s predicament is further an artifact of her societal circumstance, a young woman struggling in a capitalistic culture for rising mobility rather than as a result of wicked behavior according to the severe patterns of Catholicism.
She is the motor vehicle by which O‘Casey irradiates the leitmotif of immorality and societal domination by showing that the idea of love is more feeble than imperative without accurate societal standing.
She is a wage-earner despite the impermanent interruption she is suffering in her job as a striker and is more prolific and independent than her continuously out-of-work father. Still, if Mary moves rising inside the materialistic class hierarchy, she must get married to a man of grander position rather than depend on her resourcefulness.