لخّصلي

Proteins, crucial in various industries (food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics), require purification for effective use. This paper reviews chromatographic and non-chromatographic protein purification techniques, highlighting the importance of efficient, cost-effective methods. The purification process, whether preparative (large-scale industrial production) or analytical (research purposes), aims to isolate specific proteins from complex mixtures, removing contaminants. Developing scalable, low-cost purification methods is crucial for mass production, especially for enzymes in the bio-economy, as downstream processing costs significantly impact overall production expenses. The challenge lies in separating proteins without inactivating others, demanding innovative approaches.

An overview of purification methods for proteins
Pradeep Kumar, SM Sharma
Abstract
Today proteins are being increasingly used in many industrial processes like food processing, leather,
cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries as well as in organic chemistry in the area of enzymatic
catalysis.
Proteins are also used for various green synthesis processes. Proteins are required in the purified forms
for their application in the Industry as well as in organic chemistry. In fact the purification of proteins is
an important step in the protein chemistry. Strategies for protein purification include non
chromatographic methods and also some modern chromatographic techniques. This paper describes
some of the chromatographic and non chromatographic techniques used for protein purification. Some
non chromatographic affinity based purification methods have also been proved worthy for present day
industrial needs which are discussed in this paper.
Keywords: Purification, Protein, Industry, Affinity

1. Introduction
   Proteins were recognized as a distinct class of biological molecules in the eighteenth century
   by Antoine Fourcroy and others, distinguished by the molecules' ability to coagulate or
   flocculate under treatments with heat or acid. Proteins are important compounds as these are
   associated with several aspects of our life. These are included in our life in the form of
   detergent, food and fed, cosmetics and other compounds for our daily life requirements.
   Today proteins are being increasingly used in many industrial processes like food processing,
   leather, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries as well as in organic chemistry in the area
   of enzymatic catalysis.
   Proteins are also used for various green synthesis processes. Industry needs proteins for the
   production of fine chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances and flavors,
   food additives, and consumer care products. Proteins are required in the purified forms for
   their application in the Industry as well as in organic chemistry. In fact the purification of
   proteins is an important step in the protein chemistry. Protein purification is carried out in
   both academic and industrial sectors. Non-chromatographic approaches and chromatographic
   methods are used for this purpose. [1]
   The purification of proteins involves a series of processes for isolation of any specific protein
   from a complex mixture and removal of unwanted contaminants. Purification of proteins can
   be preparative and analytical. Preparative purification is applied to produce relatively large
   quantity of purified protein for industrial usage and for preparation of commercial products
   like food supplements, and for biopharmaceuticals like Insulin. Analytical purification
   produces a small fraction of protein for research and analytical purposes like identification,
   characterization of the function, structure determination and interaction of the specific
   protein. Separation of one protein from others is the most laborious aspect of the process.
   Processes and conditions used for purification of one protein may result in the inactivation of
   another. It is challenging area of protein science to develop simple, low cost, and scalable
   methods for large scale protein purification with a reasonable degree of separation. Low cost
   protein purification methods are in high demand for mass production of low selling price
   enzymes that are important in the upcoming bio-economy [2]. Downstream processing
   involves various purification methods, bioseparation strategies and practices which are
   employed to separate a desired or target biomolecule. It is now fairly well known that
   downstream processing costs constitute a very large percentage of overall production costs [3].