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The Non-Aligned Movement is an international grouping that includes 120 members from developing countries. It emerged during the Cold War, and its idea was based on non-alignment with either of the two camps: the Western, led by the United States of America, and the Eastern, led by the Soviet Union (formerly). It currently aims to create a neutral and non-aligned current with the international politics of the world's great powers. During the 19th summit in 2024 in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the movement’s leaders denounced the Israeli war on the Gaza Strip, in which South African President Cyril Ramaphosa called for an end to the war, “which demonstrated the inefficiency of the United Nations by using its veto power against resolutions criticizing Israel. The Non-Aligned Movement is one of the outcomes of World War II. Its idea goes back to the Bandung Conference, which was held in Indonesia in April 1955, and the movement was founded in 1961 in the Yugoslav capital, Belgrade, with 29 countries. This was at the height of the Cold War, and at that time Yugoslav President Marshal Josip Tito called on developing countries to follow what was known at the time as the third way away. About the polarization of the two camps of the Cold War.Other leaders, most notably the late Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, joined Tito's vision. Then the first summit of the movement was held in September 1961 in Belgrade in the presence of representatives of 25 Asian and African countries, and then successive summits were held.Some sources indicate that it was Nehru who gave the name non-aligned in a speech in 1954 in Colombo.The Cold War is an indirect political, ideological, and sometimes military confrontation that took place during 1947-1991 between the two largest powers in the world after World War II, the United States of America and the Soviet Union. One of its manifestations was the division of the world into two camps: the communist, led by the Soviet Union, and the liberal, led by the United States.With the collapse of the Eastern bloc, the world entered a new phase, the era of unipolarity led by the United States, and with it one of the pillars on which the Non-Aligned Movement was built, which sought to distance itself from bipolarity, collapsed. The first definition of the concept of non-aligned policy was given at the Belgrade Conference in 1961, when it decided that a country that believes in this policy must follow the following principles:It must pursue an independent policy based on the coexistence of countries with different political and social systems, and not take sides or show a trend that supports this policy.The non-aligned state must support national independence movements.The state must not be a member of a collective military alliance that occurred within the scope of a conflict between major powers.The country must not be a party to a bilateral agreement with a major country.The state must not have allowed a foreign state to establish military bases on its territory of its own free will.ObjectivesThe main goal of the Non-Aligned Movement since its founding has been to establish an alliance of independent states, and to create a neutral and non-aligned trend with the international politics of the world's great powers.The movement's goals were crystallized in the summits that were held successively:Belgrade Conference (1961) attended by 25 countries: affirmed the right to self-determination and the elimination of foreign military bases.Cairo Conference (1964) attended by 25 countries: support for national liberation movements and economic cooperation between the movement’s countries.Lusaka Conference in Zambia (1970) attended by 45 countries: emphasized world peace and accelerating economic development in the movement countries.The Algiers Conference (1973), attended by 79 countries: supported liberation movements and recommended studying economic development in Third World countries.Havana Conference (1979): In its statement, it stressed the following: “Achieving national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and security of non-aligned states in their struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, segregation, racial discrimination, and all forms of foreign interference, colonial control, and domination by major powers or blocs, and strengthening solidarity among the peoples of the Third World.”It is worth noting the changes that subsequently occurred on the international scene, which were reflected in the orientations of the movement’s member states, and this appeared in the differences in positions on some international issues. Structuring

The Non-Aligned Movement countries agreed not to establish a constitution or a permanent secretariat for the movement, under the pretext that the difference in ideologies and interests of the countries prevented the creation of an administrative structure acceptable to all members. Hence, the administration is cyclical and comprehensive and includes all member states.The presidency of the movement is transferred to the country hosting the summit, and it continues its presidency for three years until the next summit is held, after which the country hosting it assumes the presidency. Thus, the burden of administrative structure is placed on the state holding the presidency, as it must establish an entire department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to address issues related to the movement.It was agreed at the Algeria Summit Conference in 1973 that the movement would have a permanent coordination office (36 countries) that would ensure the proper implementation of the decisions of the movement’s conferences. The office began its work in March 1974.Since the non-aligned countries meet regularly at the United Nations, the ambassador of the country that holds the presidency at the United Nations performs his work as “ambassador for the affairs of the non-aligned countries to the international organization.”Membership

The Non-Aligned Movement consists of 120 members, representing the interests and priorities of developing countries on several continents, in addition to an oversight group made up of 17 countries and ten international organizations.The Palestine Liberation Organization began attending Non-Aligned Conferences as an observer as of the Lusaka Summit in 1970, and then became a full member of the movement as of the conference of foreign ministers of the movement’s countries held in Lima in 1975.It should be noted that the turnout for Non-Aligned Movement summits has declined compared to the first years of its establishment. About 35 heads of state participated in the summit held in Iran in 2012, and the number of attendees at the summit held on Margarita Island, Venezuela, in September 2016 decreased.