لخّصلي

Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space at the speed of light. This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field associated with it and has wave-like properties The types of radiation and their effects vary depending on their energy and origin, and they are classified into two main categories: non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. Before we begin, we need to distinguish between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. ionizing radiation has enough energy to liberate electrons from an atom, thereby leaving the atom charged, whereas non-ionizing radiation, such as radio waves, visible light, or ultraviolet radiation, does not. This publication is about the effect of radiation on the fetus and its formation. However, the word radiation, throughout, refers only to ionizing radiation[1] . Therefore, living organisms have been exposed to radiation since the beginning of time, from various sources. These sources of radiation can be categorized into natural, medical, and man-made sources, and each of them presents its associated risks. Cosmic sources like the sun and outer space contribute to radiation exposure, as well as terrestrial radiation from elements like radon gas, uranium, and thorium in the Earth's crust. Radon is especially concerning because it can accumulate in buildings, leading to health risks. In medical settings, ionizing radiation is used for diagnostic purposes, with X-rays and CT scans being essential in medical imaging procedures. However, excessive, or unnecessary exposure to these diagnostic tools can increase the risk of cancer. Human activities also contribute significantly to radiation exposure, with nuclear power plants being a notable source. Accidents or leaks from these facilities can release ionizing radiation, posing health hazards to nearby populations [[2]. The likelihood of radiation risk corresponds directly to the dosage. However, the biological ramifications of radiation primarily stem from damage inflicted upon deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which serves as the primary focus for any type of radiation—whether it be x-rays, γ-rays, or charged or uncharged particles—once it is absorbed into biological matter. There exists the potential for direct interaction with crucial cellular targets. In this scenario, the atoms within the target may undergo ionization or excitation, thereby setting off a sequence of events leading to biological alterations, referred to as the direct action of radiation. Alternatively, radiation may interact with other cellular atoms or molecules, notably water, generating free radicals capable of diffusing to reach and impair critical targets, known as the indirect action of radiation[3].