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Part VI: Relationship between staff nurses personal data and perceived staff nurse´ emotional intelligence
Relation between studied sample‘s gender and their perception towards emotional intelligence.
Regarding the socio-demographic data of the staff nurses, the results of the current study revealed that there was significance relationship between gender and nurses perception of total emotional intelligence (p =0.00). In which male nurses had highest mean score compared to female nurses. This study finding was agreed with Carrothers (2017) who studied measuring emotional intelligence of staff nurses and interpersonal skills in Chinese. This result revealed that men high significance than female in nursing practice due to their emotional intelligence referred to a variety of non-cognitive skills, competencies, and abilities that influenced a person’s capacity to succeed in the face of daily demands and pressures. Being emotionally intelligent implies the ability to address, understand, and feel one’s own emotions and those of others, and being able to respond and act accordingly (intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood). In a healthcare context, emotional intelligence has been related to lower levels of stress and increase intrinsic motivation and job satisfaction . Moreover, the study finding was matched with Adams, and Iseler,(2018) who studied the relationship of bedside nurses’ emotional intelligence with quality of care in Spain. Its result revealed that male nurses scored higher than female nurses in intrapersonal components and stress management. Similarly, this study finding agreed with Mar í a, Jos é and Ruiz (2018) who studied Emotional intelligence of staff nurses and patient satisfaction in French. Its result revealed that found higher scores in male nurses’ intrapersonal components, stress management, and mood when compared to female nurses. In addition, Arteche, Furnham and Crump (2020) who studied the relationship of Trait emotional intelligence with Personality in Spain. This result revealed that it was found that men scored significantly higher in the adaptability with emotional intelligence dimension.

On the opposite, this study finding was disagreed with Wu, Wang, Bartram, Lee and Baik (2017) who studied influencing factors to emotional labors of staff nurse in China. Its result revealed that the other nurses’ characteristics did not significantly affect emotional intelligence. The lack of influence for gender and this might be because they might rely on enhanced strategies for controlling emotions. This study finding didn’t match with Stratton (2016) who studied the mata-analysis of demographic related to emotional intelligence of staff nurses in Austrian. Its result revealed that females score higher than males for attention to feelings in nursing practice. additionally, this study finding didn’t match with Oginska and Bulik (2017) who studied emotional intelligence that effects on occupational stress and health outcomes in staff nurses in Brazil. Its result revealed that significantly higher emotional intelligence in female nurses than men nurses due to responded to emotions, and cope with difficult situations than male nurses.

Relation between studied sample‘s working condition and their perception towards emotional intelligence

Regarding this study, there’s no statistically significance relation between nurses` working condition and their perception of total emotional intelligence. In which part time had highest mean scores compared to full time. This study finding was agreed with Berenson, Boyles and Weaver (2018) who emotional intelligence as staff nurses. Its result revealed that there was no significant difference between psychological well being, mode and working condition. Also, this study finding agreed with Montes, Willis, and Tucker (2017) who studied the relationship between working condition and emotional intelligence. Its result revealed that part time had highest mean scores compared to full time due to staff nurses who were stay basically part time were able to monitor their own effort , decrease tired and stress of work, maintain energy , effort , attention and mood of nurses during work and provide cost effectiveness through reduction of clerical staff and better utilization of professional nurses by decreasing the time spent in non-patient care activities but full time which increased the time spent in non-patient care activities lead to fatigue, stress. Contractively, this study finding was disagreed with Lovakov, Agadullina and Schaufeli (2019) who studied relationship between work engagement and emotional intelligence in Russian. Its result revealed that supporting a significant level the general mood in all cases. And also, this study finding didn’t match with Zhu, C.; Guo, Zhao, and Lou(2017) who studied the impact of emotional intelligence on work engagement of registered nurses in Chorea. Its result revealed that high main score with peoples who staying in work with full time than part time because they had experience from work with increase timing that improve motivation of nurses with knowledge and experience, self esteem and self awareness of nurses.

Relation between studied sample‘s age and their perception towards emotional intelligence.

Regarding this study, there was no statistically significance relation between staff nurses` age. In which the age from twenty years and decrease of twenty five years had highest mean scores compared to others categories of age. This study finding was agreed with Blickle, Momm, Liu, Witzki, and Steinmayr (2017) who studied emotional intelligence and wellness among staff nurses in Canada. This result revealed that found no significant differences between the emotional intelligence scores in nurses based on demographic variables and consisted a much younger age sample with a mean age of 23 due to they had empty time to work and had more experience of emotional intelligence. Contractively, this study finding didn’t match Van Rooy, Alons and Viswesvaran, 2018)who Studied measuring the relationship between age and emotional intelligence. Its result with significant increased in emotional intelligence was linked with age. And also, this study finding disagreed with Fariselli and Foxcroft (2018) who studied managing emotions in diverse work teams in the South African. Its result revealed that a significant correlation was evident between age and emotional intelligence, indicating that older participants were more likely to view themselves as being happy, optimistic and confident as well as having greater empathy, being clearer about their own feelings and those of others, and more capable of maintaining fulfilling relationships and older adults were better able to control sad and angry emotions than younger adults.

Relation between studied sample‘s marital status and their perception towards emotional intelligence.
Regarding this study, there was no statistically significant relation between staff nurses´ marital status and their total perception of emotional intelligence and found significant relation between staff nurses´ marital status and both empathy and self esteem dimensions. In which married nurses had highest mean scores compared to others categories of married status. This finding agreed with Kahraman, Nel, Jonker and Rabie and Hiç (2020) who studied marital status and total perception of emotional intelligence among staff nurses in Japan. This result revealed that no significant relation between staff nurses´ marital status and their total perception of emotional intelligence but there were a significant that nurses’ empathy and self esteem related with marital status because married nurses had more responsibility and more feeling than single nurses. and had being emotionally intelligent implied the ability to address, understand, and feel one’s own emotions and those of others, and being able to respond and act accordingly (intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and general mood) than single nurses. additionally, this study finding was agreed with Tapia and Taylor (2019) who studied emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, well-being and engagement among staff nurses in New York. Its result that marriage and marital factor in people was led to more growth of aspects of emotional intelligence. This study finding conducted with Extremer, Fernandez and Jokar (2018) who studied emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Its result showed that emotional intelligence was a positive and significant predictor of life satisfaction in married people. Contractively, this study finding disagreed with Tyler and Bagby ( 2017) who studied enhance social and emotional intelligence. Its result revealed that single women had high mean score than married women due to a low emotional intelligence as primary relationship of mother - child (caregivers), which were influences on the evolution of cognitive and neural systems involved in processing emotional information. how emotional interactions of mother - child, affect on parts of the brain that was involved in regulating emotion. low emotional intelligence I single women might be the result of trauma such as emotional deprivation, that disrupts functioning of some brain structures and had more stress . single not have heavy responsibility and more stress in their life as married person. So, the single women had high score of emotional intelligence about married women.

Relation between studied sample‘s qualifications and their perception towards emotional intelligence .

Regarding this study, there was no statistically significant relationship between nurses` qualifications and their total perception towards patient safety climate In which technical nursing diploma had highest means score compared to others categories of qualifications. This finding was agreed with Humpel and Allen ( 2019) who studied emotional intelligence in mental health nurses. Its revealed that no relationship between emotional intelligence and qualification due to All nurse had emotions. This study finding agreed with Jacques and King (2019) who studied the relationship between emotional intelligence and nursing education in New York . its result revealed that baccalaureate of nursing had highest means score due to they had acknowledge, experience and mental openness that need for nurses to manage their emotions and understand those of their patients and development of emotional intelligence in nursing education to enhance performance in the practice and lead to social functioning, organizational effectiveness, and capacity to self-actualize and succeed professionally. Additionally, this study finding agreed with Joyce and Winship (2018) who studied emotional intelligence as an essential skill for nurses in New York. Its result revealed that high mean score baccalaureate. that individuals who had knowledge and experience for sufficient interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies can properly handle their emotions (self-awareness, self-regulation, and motivation)and regulate other employee emotions (empathy and social skills) to cope with environmental challenges, decrease environmental strains and increase leadership effectiveness in organizations. Contractively, This study finding didn’t match with Nasar, Rao and Komala (2018) who studied emotional intelligence and creativity in Indian. This result revealed that statistically significant in the relationship between emotional intelligence and qualification due to a variable of educational level (qualification) and educated personal accomplishment in favor of individuals who hold degrees in special education major. This study finding disagreed with Al-Jabri, Al-Rashdan and Al-Rihani (2019) who studied The effect of the educational district on emotional intelligence in Jordan. Its result revealed that Its result revealed that high mean score diploma due to the staff nurses had diploma degree had direct contact with patient that help staff nurses with acquired more experience of emotional intelligence.

    Relation between studied sample‘s years of experience and their perception towards emotional intelligence                      Regarding this study, there was no statistically significance relationship between nurses` years of experience and their perception of emotional intelligence. In which nurses` experience who increase ten years  had highest mean scores compared to others categories of nurses` years of experience. This finding was agreed with Wong, Wong and Law (2017) who studied the interacting effect of emotional intelligence and emotional labour on job satisfaction in  Holland. This result indicated no statistical significant differences between the level of emotional intelligence and variable years of experience among nurses. also, this study finding agreed with Gautam and Khurana (2018) who studied impact of emotional intelligence on the development of registered nurses skills in India. Its result revealed that there were no statistical significant relationship to on the measure as a whole on the dimensions related experience, but some nurses  who increase ten years had high mean score  compared to others because they had a high ability to form good social relationships and control their feelings and their behaviors and actions  and they had high  level of emotional intelligence (knowledge, emotional regulation , and empathy) according to experience among nurses. when increase experience lead to increase emotional intelligence to nurses.                     contractively,  this study finding matched with Mishra and Mohapatra, Bangash and Khan (2019) who studied demographic characteristics and emotional intelligence among nursing in hospital in Nigeria. Its result was found work experience to be positively associated with emotional intelligence related experienced. And  this study finding didn’t match with  Pooja, Tyagi. and Kumar (2016) who studied Examining the effect of emotional intelligence on socio-demographic among  nurses in Indian. Its result suggested that work experience was instrumental in improving emotional intelligence. that there was significant impact of working experience on emotional intelligence score due to emotional intelligence score increases with increase in working experience.                                                                                                                             

Relation between studied sample‘s working unit and their perception towards emotional intelligence .
Regarding this study, there was a highly statistically significance relationship between nurses working unit and nurses perception of total emotional intelligence. In which the medical unit had highest mean score compared to others categories of nurses working unit. A highly statistically significant relation was found between nurses working unit and all categories of emotional intelligence. This finding agreed with Coşkun, Durna Akin and Mendi who studied Assessment of levels of empathic skills and autonomy of nurses working in medical units. Its revealed that significant relation was found between nurses working unit and all categories of emotional intelligence because increase knowledge and responsibilities add to the importance of communication skills, including empathy among staff nurses in the mentioned wards.

Moreover, This finding was agreed with Glass, Ogle, Webb, Rice and Yeboah (2018) who studied emotion regulation as affective, cognitive, and social consequences related to units of hospitals in Australia. Its revealed that high mean score due to optimizing work organization by limiting fluctuations in bed-to-nurse ratio and providing experienced medical staff members with sufficient supervision may decrease the frequency of life-threatening adverse events and increase emotional intelligence leading to improve job satisfaction to nurses and patient and build dynamic indicators of safety in the medical care unit. should take better account of work organization factors. Contractively, this finding was disagreed with Bucknall, Ksouri and Pagnament( 2018) who studied the impact of emotional intelligence and medical unit organizational factors on outcome in ill patients. Its revealed that medical unit related risk factors include a high patient-to-nurse ratio, high nursing workload, caregivers sleep deprivation, communication failure, and understaffing lead to decrease emotional intelligence among staff nurses.

Part VII:-Relationship between staff nurses personal data and their perception of patient safety climate

Relation between studied sample‘s gender and their perception towards patient safety climate.

Regarding this study, there’s only a statistically significance relationship between nurses gender and both perception of management and working conditions subscales. In which male nurses had highest mean score compared to female nurses. this study finding agreed with Waldron, MacCloskey and Earle (2017) who studied the relationships to the changing gender roles, patient safety climate and other societal trends in Italy. Its result revealed that male workers tend to have a significantly higher prevalence of occupational accidents than female and this finding agreed with Holland and Hill (2017) who studied the effect of age, gender, and patient safety in France. Its result revealed that men preferred solitude to a greater extent than women. unlike their male counterparts, in localized work environments, females were usually assigned roles that were less physically demanding and were seldom put in risky or hazardous job situations. Contractively, this study finding agreed with Kidder and Konrad (2018) who studied the influence of gender on the performance of organizational citizenship behaviours in UK. Its result revealed that negative relation between gender and patient safety climate because male and female can maintain patient safety climate without differentiate. Relation between studied sample‘s working condition and their perception of patient safety climate Regarding this finding, there’s only a statistically significance relationship between nurses working condition and work climate. In which part time had highest mean scores compared to full time. This study finding agreed with Carrico and Laurence (2017) who studied nurses’ perception of safety climate in work place in England. Its result was found a significant relationship between safety practice and the type of shift due to errors were significantly low in morning shifts than those in night shifts and safe work behaviors tend to be higher among staff nurses. And also, This study finding agreed with Duthie (2016) who studied The relationship between nurses 'attitudes towards safety and reported medication errors rates in New-York. Its result indicated that the part time had highest mean scores compared to full time due the lower workload and acuity demands create an environment that carries a lower risk of errors and lower rate of reporting reflecting these errors.

Contractively, this study finding disagreed with Chiang, Smith and Stride (2018) who Nurses’ demographics and perceptions of safety climate in work place in Taiwan. Its result revealed that, there was no significant relationship between nurses’ perceptions of safety climate and their socio demographic characteristics. Also, this study finding didn’t match with Hutchinson, Dean, Cooper, Patterson and McIntosh (2017) who studied Assessing the usefulness of a safety climate questionnaire in UK. Its result revealed that nurses working in night shifts may not encounter safety problems and error incidence compared with nurses of day shifts who were burdened by high workload.

Relation between studied sample‘s age and their perception of patient safety climate
Regarding this finding, no statistically significant relation between nurses age and their total perception of patient safety climate. This study finding agreed with Li, Zhao, Zhang, Ma and Jiao (2019) who studied assessment of patient safety climate among nurses in hospital in china. Its result revealed that there was no significant relation between nurses age and their total perception of patient safety climate, whereas most studies show that ages were more likely to be satisfied.

At the same study finding, only a significant relation was found between nurses age and both of work climate, perception of management, working condition and safety climate. This study finding agreed with Zhou, Bundorf , Gu ,He and Xue(2019) who studied Survey on patient safety climate in public hospitals in China. Its result shown that a significant relation was found between nurses age and both of work climate, perception of management, working condition and safety climate because working condition and safety climate and management played a vital role in the creation of a patient safety climate and improving patient safety climate at the management level can effectively help in avoiding systemic errors. In which staff nurses age as from 30 years and decrease 35 years had highest means score of patient safety climate compared to others categories. This finding agreed with Holden,Watts and Walker (2018) who studied patient safety climate in found a significant relation between age and mean positive scores of patient safety culture in Turkey. its result revealed that individuals from 30 years and decrease 35 years of age to obtain the highest scores. Contractively, this study finding disagreed with Amiresmaili, Tourani and Barati (2017) who studied measuring safety climate and setting priorities for action at an Iranian hospital. Its result revealed that significant relation between nurses age and their total perception of patient safety climate due to increase age increase experience of patient safety.

Relation between studied sample‘s marital status and their perception towards safety
Regarding this finding, there were a significant relationship between staff nurses` marital status and their total perception of patient safety climate, working condition, perception of management, safety climate and work climate. In which married nurse had highest mean scores compared to others categories of marital status. This study finding agreed with Colla, Bracken, Kinney and Weeks(2018) who studied measuring patient safety climate among staff nurses in Iran. Its result revealed that reported that the highest mean positive scores of nurses' perception of patient safety culture among married participants who working experience. Also, this study finding agreed with Rogers, Hwang, Scott and Aiken (2017) who studied the relationship between marital status of staff nurses and patient safety climate in London. Its result consisted that a significant relations between marital status of nurses and their understanding of patient safety climate due to married nurses tend to be more mature in the way of acting and dealing with the greater responsibility on their social and clinical status. On the opposite, this study finding disagreed with Bodur and Filiz (2019) who studied a survey on patient safety climate in Turkey. Its result revealed that no significant between marital status and patient safety due to they had important with patient safety without differentiate.

Relation between studied sample‘s qualifications and their perception towards safety :

Regarding this finding, there was no statistically significant relationship between nursesqualifications and their total perception towards patient safety climate. This study finding agreed with Flin, Burn, Mearns and Yule (2018) who studied safety climate in health care. Its result revealed that no significant relation between nurses qualifications and their total perception towards patient safety climate because all nurses understanding policies and procedure of patient safety. On the opposite, this study finding disagreed with Phipps, Malley and Ashcroft (2018) who studied demographic data of safety climate in Australia. Its revealed that a statistically significant relationship between nurses qualifications and their total perception towards patient safety climate due to increased knowledge and information with qualifications increased perception of patient safety. In which technical nursing diploma had highest means score compared to others categories of qualifications. This study finding agreed with that Chiang (2019) who studied. Its result revealed that technical nursing diploma had a positive regard toward safety climate in their hospital and gave the highest agreement to education on quality and safety, and the head nurse role with major emphasis on safety for patient and nurses. Contractively, this finding didn’t match with Blegon, Pepper and Joseph (2018) who studied safety climate on hospital units in United State. Its result revealed that bachelor degree nurses and nurses with greater responsibility could be well prepared through their educational and clinical career with different activities that equipped them with competencies in different care situations and promote safe quality care. Relation between studied sample‘s years of experience and their perception of patient safety climate Regarding this finding, there are no statistically significant relation between years of experience of nurses and their total perception of patient safety climate. only a significant relation was found between years of experience of nurses and both of perception of management and working condition. This study finding agreed with Kristensen, Badsberg, Rischel, Bartels and Mainz(2019) who studied the patient safety climate in Danish. Its result showed that no significant differences between patient safety climate and nurses, and work experiences. All nurses understanding management and working condition of patient safety climate. In which nurses experience who increase ten years had highest mean scores compared to others categories of nurses years of experience. This study finding agreed with Kudo, Satoh, Kido, Watanabe and Miki (2019) who studied the testing the dimensions of safety climate among Japanese nurses in Iran. Its result revealed that significant relation of e nurses experience who increase ten years had highest mean scores related to "management commitment to safety" and "employees' awareness of safety issues. Contractively, this study finding disagreed with Kudo, Kido, Shahzad, Satoh and Aizawa (2018) who studied safety climate and motivation toward patient safety in Japan. Its result revealed that significant and positive relation between years of experience of nurses and their perception of patient safety climate because increase years experience and knowledge of nurses lead to increase nurses΄ perception of patient safety climate to maintain patient safety and quality of medical care.

Relation between studied sample‘s working unit and their perception towards safety

Regarding this study finding, there was a highly statistically significance relationship between nurses working unit and nurses perception of total patient safety climate. This study finding agreed with Grosch, Gershon, Murphy and DeJoy (2019) who studied relationship between nurses working unit and patient safety climate dimensions. Its result revealed that significance relationship between nurses` working unit and nurses perception of patient safety climate related to safety climate score varies between hospitals and the various departments of a hospital. Also, this study finding agreed with Mark, Salyer and Wan (2018) who studied professional nursing practice and patient outcomes in German. its result revealed that the overall safety climate of the unit was significantly and positively related to patient satisfaction and perceptions of nurse responsiveness, and nurse satisfaction.

On the opposite, the study finding didn’t match with Kang, Kim and Lee (2018), who studied nurse patient safety climate among nurses in Korea. Its results revealed that no significance relationship between nurses working unit due to all nurses in all units had perception of patient safety climate. In which the medical unit had highest mean score compared to others categories of nurses working unit. This study finding agreed with Gershon, Grosch, Murphy and Flanagan (2018) who studied hospital safety climate and its relationship with safe work practices in American. Its result was found that medical unit had highest mean score compared to others due to increase understanding of safety climate as compared to those of the other departments and presence of proper safety climate, open communication and staff motivation are the factors that facilitate error reporting among nurses. Contractively, this study finding disagreed with Liu, Liu, Wang and Zhang (2020) who studied patient safety climate in China. Its result showed that medical unit had low mean score compared to others due to poor safety climate and decreases the quality of healthcare.

Conclusion
The study concluded that staff nurses had high level of emotional intelligence and highly of patient safety climate. Staff nurses had perceived highest total mean score of emotional intelligence( 86.64%) and they had perceived highest total mean score of patient safety climate(72.33%). Moreover, there was a highly statistical significant positive correlation (r=0.405**, P=0.00) between emotional intelligence and patient safety climate.

Recommendation

Based on the findings of the present study, the following recommendations are suggested:
• It is suggested for Health Care Organization should implement programs on emotional intelligence for staff nurses.

• It is suggested for Manager should build and maintain a team work spirit as well as keeping a positive work climate and increase emotional intelligence among staff nurses, should adopt a system of promotion and rewarding build on fairness to recognize and appraise distinguished staff and clearly explain their expectations during meetings on the safety of patients for their personnel and seriously pursue the extent to which these expectations have been met by the staff.

• It is suggested for whether communicating directly with a colleague or patient, nurses need to accurately perceive emotional expressions and use this knowledge to stimulate his or her own creative thinking to generate appropriate responses. And need to an Acknowledging the feedback of desired emotional intelligence traits of adaptability, stress management, assertiveness, and empathy are deserving of further review and recommendations for development.

• It is suggested for health authorities, considering the positive relationship between all aspects of emotional intelligence and patient safety climate, to improve the level of self-awareness, self - management, social consciousness and relationship management among nurses and other personnel by holding courses and workshops and thus increase quality of patient care and maintain patient safety.

• It is suggested for given opportunities for further research should be made to investigate factors that affect emotional intelligence and patient safety climate.

• A longitudinal study is suggested to be performed to examine change in emotional intelligence of staff nurses to determine if emotional intelligence increases based on their experience with their peers and hospital members.

Summary:
Emotional intelligence has been playing vital role in today working environment. The philosophy of emotional intelligence assists in analyzing employees attitude, style of management, interpersonal capabilities and job satisfaction that affect on patient safety climate (Patricia, Helen and Diane, 2018).
It testifies significant relevance in staff nurses practices like selection and recruitment, planning and profiling. Besides that, the most important advantage of emotional intelligence is that helps the employees to comprehend and manage sentiments to maintain patient safety climate to provide quality of patient care. It also provides an area to person to become handy of his own conduct as well as associations with the people around. Psychological research revealed that, comprehending and managing emotions play important and pivotal role in rewarding person` every day life, work setting and patient safety. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the relationship between nurse' emotional intelligence and their perception of patient safety climate.

The current study has been carried out to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of emotional intelligence among nurses?


2. What is the perception of nurses regarding patient safety climate?


3. What is the relationship between nurses’ emotional intelligence and their perception of patient safety climate?
   Question 1: What is the level of emotional intelligence among nurses?
   The highest percentage (61.2%) of staff nurses had high level of emotional intelligence and (14.8%) of them had low level of emotional intelligence.
   Question 2: What is the perception of nurses regarding patient safety climate?
   The studied staff nurses ´perception had perceived high total mean score of patient safety climate (72.33% ) was related to working conditions domain, job satisfaction, teamwork climate and safety climate domain that produce good relationship with colleagues and with the authorities and managers of hospital who improve these skills among nurses through occupational responsibility and sensitive to patient safety.
   Question 3: What is the relationship between nurses’ emotional intelligence and their perception of patient safety climate?
   The study concluded that there was positive relationship between nurse` emotional intelligence and their perception of patient safety. That mean, the strong linear between emotional intelligence and patient safety climate and there was a higher positive attitude toward safety climate among staff nurses.