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Electromagnetic waves are a form of radiation that travel though the universe.ii. Atomic Absorption Spectrum When a beam of white light is passed through a gaseous sample of an element, the element takes in certain wavelengths while the rest of wavelengths travel through it. The spectrum of this radiation is called an atomic absorption spectrum.s FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - MTI UNIVERSITY 4 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB EMP 131 CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY MODERN PHYSICS The colors of the visible spectrum are violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow and red and their wavelengths vary from 400 nm to 750 nm. In addition to the visible region of the spectrum, there are 7 other regions.FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - MTI UNIVERSITY 5 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB EMP 131 CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY MODERN PHYSICS Atomic spectrum can likewise be observed when elements in the gaseous state are heated at high temperature or subjected to an electric discharge.i. Atomic emission spectrum ii. Atomic absorption spectrum i. Atomic Emission Spectrum When solids are volatilized or elements in their gaseous states are heated to high temperature or subjected to an electrical discharge, radiation of specific wavelengths are emitted.Electromagnetic radiation, in classical physics, the flow of energy at the universal speed of light through free space or through a material medium in the form of the electric and magnetic fields that make up electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays.FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - MTI UNIVERSITY 2 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB EMP 131 CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY MODERN PHYSICS A wave is a moving disturbance that transports energy from one place to another but does not necessarily transport matter.Notice that the points on the strings (matter) do not move horizontally FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - MTI UNIVERSITY 3 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB EMP 131 CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY MODERN PHYSICS Figure 1.(b) The crests and troughs are shown as waves when viewed from above o wave front the continuous line or surface at the start of a wave as it travels in time o crest the upper part of a wave o trough the lower part of a wave o wavelength ? Both electricity and magnetism can be static (respectively, what holds a balloon to the wall or a refrigerator magnet to metal), but when they change or move together, they make waves.In such a wave, time-varying electric and magnetic fields are mutually linked with each other at right angles and perpendicular to the direction of motion.Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays.Ultraviolet, X-rays, ?-rays and cosmic rays are towards the lower wavelength end of the spectrum and they have the photons with higher energies.Hence, a visual display or dispersion of the components of white light, when it is passed through a prism is called a spectrum.o Types of Spectra The spectrum of EM waves is of two types: a) Continuous spectrum b) Line spectrum a) Continuous spectrum In this kind of spectrum, the boundary line in between the colours cannot be marked.NASA's scientific instruments use the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum to study the Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond.On the other side of the visible region, there lie infrared, microwave and radio-frequency regions.b) Atomic or Line Spectrum When an element or its compound is volatilized on a flame and the light released is seen through a spectrometer.Similarly, the spectrum of hydrogen consists of a number of lines of different colours having different distances from each other.An electromagnetic wave can also be described in terms of its energy--in units of measure called electron volts (eV).Moving along the spectrum from long to short wavelengths, energy increases as the wavelength shortens.For example, the line spectrum of sodium consists of 2 yellow coloured lines separated by a definite distance.Magnetic and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave.An electromagnetic wave is characterized by its intensity and the frequency ?The human eye can detect only a small portion of this spectrum called visible light.More Intensity or energy means shorter wavelength or higher frequencies.It is obtained from the light released by the sun or incandescent (electrical light) solids.The wavelengths of the radiation that have actually been absorbed by the element look like dark lines and the background are bright.1.1 red arrows) couples with a magnetic field (Fig.1.1 blue arrows).of the time variation of the electric and magnetic fields.A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet another portion.When you tune your radio, watch TV, send a text message, or pop popcorn in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic energy.A periodic wave is a wave that repeats itself at regular intervals.illustrates one way to generate a mechanical wave.In Figure 1.2(a), the per- son's hand exerts a vertical force on the string, creating a wave pulse.(a) Wave pulse and (b) periodic waves along a string Suppose that the person is shaking the string such that the string is moving in a periodic fashion in the vertical direction.the distance between one positive amplitude and the next o phase the offset of the wave from a reference point.Two points on a wave that are at the same place in a wave cycle (for example, two successive crests) are said to have the same phase.o The period, T, of a wave is the time required for one wave cycle to pass a particular point, and o the frequency, f, is the number of wave cycles that pass a particular point per unit of time.The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, Hz. One hertz is equal to one cycle per second.n 1 f=

t T o The speed of a periodic wave is related to its frequency and wavelength.An electron volt is the amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron through one volt potential.The very best example of a continuous spectrum is rainbow.The spectrum of this radiation contained bright lines against a dark background.They are formed when an electric field (Fig.The simplest wave is a periodic wave.Since the force and the resulting pulse act along the length of the string, the force does work on the string.In Figure 1.2 (b), as the hand continues to move, the wave becomes periodic.The colours diffuse into each other.It is the characteristic of matter in bulk.This kind of spectrum is called a line spectrum or atomic spectrum.This is characteristic of an atom.There are two ways in which an atomic spectrum can be seen.This means that the wave pulse carries energy along the string, from the hand to the wall.Figure 2 shows a snapshot of the wave as it begins to move to the right.More energy is needed to make the rope have more waves.One colour merges into another without any dark space.We see unique lines separated by dark areas.You depend on this energy every hour of every day.Without it, the world you know could not exist.Figure 1.2.Figure 1.2 (a) The wave moves to the right.

النص الأصلي

Electromagnetic waves are a form of radiation
that travel though the universe. They are
formed when an electric field (Fig. 1.1 red
arrows) couples with a magnetic field (Fig.1.1
blue arrows).
Both electricity and magnetism can be static (respectively, what holds a balloon to the wall or a
refrigerator magnet to metal), but when they change or move together, they make waves. Magnetic
and electric fields of an electromagnetic wave are perpendicular to each other and to the direction
of the wave.
Electromagnetic radiation, in classical physics, the flow of energy at the universal speed of light
through free space or through a material medium in the form of the electric and magnetic fields
that make up electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays. In such
a wave, time-varying electric and magnetic fields are mutually linked with each other at right
angles and perpendicular to the direction of motion. An electromagnetic wave is characterized by
its intensity and the frequency ν of the time variation of the electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves
to very short gamma rays. The human eye can detect only a small portion of this spectrum called
visible light. A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet
another portion. NASA's scientific instruments use the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum
to study the Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond.
When you tune your radio, watch TV, send a text message, or pop popcorn in a microwave oven,
you are using electromagnetic energy. You depend on this energy every hour of every day.
Without it, the world you know could not exist.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING – MTI UNIVERSITY 2 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB
EMP 131
CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY
MODERN PHYSICS
A wave is a moving disturbance that transports energy from one place to another but does not
necessarily transport matter. The simplest wave is a periodic wave. A periodic wave is a wave that
repeats itself at regular intervals.
Figure 1.2. illustrates one way to generate a mechanical wave. In Figure 1.2(a), the per- son’s hand
exerts a vertical force on the string, creating a wave pulse. Since the force and the resulting pulse
act along the length of the string, the force does work on the string. This means that the wave
pulse carries energy along the string, from the hand to the wall. In Figure 1.2 (b), as the hand
continues to move, the wave becomes periodic. Notice that the points on the strings (matter) do not
move horizontally
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING – MTI UNIVERSITY 3 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB
EMP 131
CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY
MODERN PHYSICS
Figure 1. (a) Wave pulse and (b) periodic waves along a string
Suppose that the person is shaking the string such that the string is moving in a periodic
fashion in the vertical direction. Figure 2 shows a snapshot of the wave as it begins to move
to the right.
Figure 1.2 (a) The wave moves to the right. (b) The crests and troughs are shown as waves when viewed from above
• wave front the continuous line or surface at the
start of a wave as it travels in time
• crest the upper part of a wave
• trough the lower part of a wave
• wavelength 𝝀 the distance between one positive
amplitude and the next
• phase the offset of the wave from a reference point.
Two points on a wave that are at the same place in
a wave cycle (for example, two successive crests)
are said to have the same phase.
• The period, T, of a wave is the time required for one wave cycle to pass a particular point, and
• the frequency, f, is the number of wave cycles that pass a particular point per unit of time. The
SI unit of frequency is the hertz, 𝑯𝒛. One hertz is equal to one cycle per second.
𝒏
𝟏
𝒇=

𝒕
𝑻
• The speed of a periodic wave is related to its frequency and wavelength.
𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝒄=𝝀𝒇 𝒄=𝟑×
The constant speed of light in the Universe.
An electromagnetic wave can also be described in terms of its
energy—in units of measure called electron volts (eV). An electron
volt is the amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron
through one volt potential. Moving along the spectrum from long to
short wavelengths, energy increases as the wavelength shortens.
Consider a jump rope with its ends being pulled up and down. More
energy is needed to make the rope have more waves. More Intensity
or energy means shorter wavelength or higher frequencies.
𝒔
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING – MTI UNIVERSITY 4 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB
EMP 131
CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY
MODERN PHYSICS
The colors of the visible spectrum are violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow and red and their
wavelengths vary from 400 nm to 750 nm. In addition to the visible region of the spectrum, there
are 7 other regions.
Ultraviolet, X-rays, γ-rays and cosmic rays
are towards the lower wavelength end of the
spectrum and they have the photons with
higher energies. On the other side of the
visible region, there lie infrared, microwave
and radio-frequency regions. Hence, a visual
display or dispersion of the components of
white light, when it is passed through a prism
is called a spectrum.
• Types of Spectra
The spectrum of EM waves is of two types:
a) Continuous spectrum
b) Line spectrum
a) Continuous spectrum
In this kind of spectrum, the boundary line in between the colours cannot be marked. The colours
diffuse into each other. One colour merges into another without any dark space. The very best
example of a continuous spectrum is rainbow. It is obtained from the light released by the sun or
incandescent (electrical light) solids. It is the characteristic of matter in bulk.
b) Atomic or Line Spectrum
When an element or its compound is volatilized on a flame and the light released is seen through
a spectrometer. We see unique lines separated by dark areas. This kind of spectrum is called a
line spectrum or atomic spectrum. This is characteristic of an atom.
For example, the line spectrum of sodium consists of 2 yellow coloured lines separated by a
definite distance. Similarly, the spectrum of hydrogen consists of a number of lines of different
colours having different distances from each other.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING – MTI UNIVERSITY 5 DR. ABDEL MAGIED DIAB
EMP 131
CHAPTER (1) EARLY QUANTUM THEORY
MODERN PHYSICS
Atomic spectrum can likewise be observed when elements in the gaseous state are heated at high
temperature or subjected to an electric discharge.
There are two ways in which an atomic spectrum can be seen.
i. Atomic emission spectrum
ii. Atomic absorption spectrum
i. Atomic Emission Spectrum
When solids are volatilized or elements in their gaseous states are heated to high temperature or
subjected to an electrical discharge, radiation of specific wavelengths are emitted. The spectrum
of this radiation contained bright lines against a dark background.
ii. Atomic Absorption Spectrum
When a beam of white light is passed through a gaseous sample of an element, the element takes
in certain wavelengths while the rest of wavelengths travel through it. The spectrum of this
radiation is called an atomic absorption spectrum. The wavelengths of the radiation that have
actually been absorbed by the element look like dark lines and the background are bright.

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نتيجة التلخيص (100%)

النص الأصلي

تلخيص النصوص العربية والإنجليزية أونلاين

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