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Introduction to Computer

o Definition 1

Dr. Samia Noureddine

What is a Computer??Programming languages consist of a set of rules that allows string values to be converted into various ways of generating machine code ?The description of a solution to a problem must be articulated using one of the programming languages available.?Examples of programming languages include Pascal, BASIC, C, Delphi, Java, Python, Matlab, and many more.It consists of: o an Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) where math and logic operations are performed, o a Control Unit (CU) which directs most operations by providing timing and control signals, o and Registers that provide short-term data storage and management capabilities while the CPU processes information.Units 1 Byte (B) = 8 bits 1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 2^10 bytes = 1024 bytes 1 Mega Byte (MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1024 KB 1 Giga Byte (GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1024 MB 1 Tera Byte (TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1024 GB Peta Byte, Exa Byte...o Read Only Memory (ROM) o Permanent storage of programs, meaning that its content is fixed by the manufacture during the fabrication process, and it can't be modified or changed by users o Holds the computer boot directions, it means that ROM contrains a small program called BIOS, which execute the operating system like Windows.o Software Runs The Machine o Tells the computer what to do o Reason people purchase computers 23 Dr. Samia Noureddine

o It is the initial program in a computer system, it is installed in hard disk, o It allows for the management of hardware and other software; acting as the interface between hardware, application software, and the user.Introduction to Computer

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o Definition 2

Dr. Samia Noureddine

Today, computers have become indispensable, they play a vital role in transforming how we communicate, learn, work, entertain, and innovate in the modern world.o Example :

Introduction to Computer

1-Operating System o The Software part

Dr. Samia Noureddine 24 Windows MacOS Linux

o These operating systems have evolved over time, so there are several versions of them.Communication: Connecting people globally, through email, social media and messaging apps.?Software ???2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.2.3.4.7.???

Introduction to Computer

o Definition 1

Dr. Samia Noureddine

What is a Computer?

✦Computer
❖ Device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions.
❖ The computer consists of two distinct parts, namely:
✦Hardware
❖ Various devices including a computer.
❖ Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and
processing unit....

✦Software
❖ Programs that run on a computer.

Introduction to Computer

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o Definition 2

Dr. Samia Noureddine

Today, computers have become indispensable, they play a vital role in
transforming how we communicate, learn, work, entertain, and
innovate in the modern world. They are central to various fields

1. Communication: Connecting people globally, through email, social
   media and messaging apps.


2. Information Access: Providing limitless knowledge via the internet.


3. Education: Revolutionizing learning through online platforms.


4. Business and Industry: Streamlining operations and driving
   innovation.


5. Entertainment: Redefining experiences through gaming and
   streaming.


6. Creativity and Innovation: Empowering digital creativity and
   design.


7. Healthcare: Enhancing patient care and medical research.


8. Scientific Research: Advancing discoveries through data analysis.


9. Cybersecurity: Protecting data and networks from threats.
   o The Role of Computers

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Introduction to Computer

Generations of Computers: With the start of World War II and until now, Computers
have gone through a series of evolutions in both physical and software parts. These
developments are called the computer generations, which are:
o Historical development of computers and their generations

-First Generation Computers
(1940-1956)

-Second Generation Computers
(1956 – 1963)

-Third Generation Computers
(1964 – 1971)

-Fourth Generation Computers
(1971 – Present)

-Fifth Generation Computers
(Present and Beyond)
Dr. Samia Noureddine 11

Introduction to Computer

1. Electronic components used in computers.


2. Programming languages used.


3. Operating systems.


4. Access time


5. Data Storage Devices


6. The diversity of uses in different fields.


7. The length of time for each generation.
   What are the most important characteristics between different

generations?

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Dr. Samia Noureddine

o Computer Architecture

Computer architecture refers to the design and structure of a computer
system, including its hardware components, how they connect, and the
principles that guide their organization.

Introduction to Computer

13 Dr. Samia Noureddine

Refers to all the physical components of a computer.
Includes all input devices, processing devices,storage devices,
and output devices.

Introduction to Computer

o Hardware part of a computer

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Dr. Samia Noureddine

What are the main components of the computer ?

 Input devices.
 Central Processing Unit
(containing the control unit
and the arithmetic/logic
unit).
 Memory.
 Storage devices.
 Output devices.

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Introduction to Computer

o The material

Dr. Samia Noureddine

A Computer Consists of
a Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the execution unit, it's the main organ of the
computer. The speed of CPU is measured by Hertz (Hz), Which represent a CPU cycle.
The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.

It consists of:
◦ an Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) where math and logic operations are performed,
◦ a Control Unit (CU) which directs most operations by providing timing and control
signals,
◦ and Registers that provide short-term data storage and management capabilities
while the CPU processes information.

Introduction to Computer

What are the main components of the computer ?

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o The material

Dr. Samia Noureddine

a memory unit that stores instructions and data;
◦ Random Access Memory (RAM)
◦ Temporary memory,meaning that Programs and data can be stored in
RAM while the computer is in use.
◦ More RAM results in a faster system.
◦ Volatile memory, meaning that all information will be lost as soon as the
computer shuts down.
◦ Read Only Memory (ROM)
◦ Permanent storage of programs, meaning that its content is fixed by the
manufacture during the fabrication process, and it can’t be modified or
changed by users
◦ Holds the computer boot directions, it means that ROM contrains a small
program called BIOS, which execute the operating system like Windows.

Introduction to Computer

.Memory devices

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o The material

Dr. Samia Noureddine

Introduction to Computer

. Storage devices (Second Memory devices)
• It is non-volatility: data is retained even when the system is turned off.
• Hard drives are examples of storage devices . There are two main families: Solid
State Drives (SSDs) - and the Hard Disks (HDs), they are integrated in a
computer,
• They store and display information for users to see and use.
• Example: SSD, hard disk; CD ROM, DVD ROM, flash disk, memory card.........
 Hard Disk & SSD

 Flash Drive

 CD-ROM

 DVD-ROM
o The material

Dr. Samia Noureddine 18

Introduction to Computer

Input and output devices

❖ Allow the user to interact with a computer.
❖ These units are used to transmit data into
and out of the computer.
❖ Input devices: accept data
‣ Keyboard, mouse, microphone, disk
drive....

❖ Output devices: deliver information
‣ Monitor, printer, speakers, status
indicator lights, disk drive, etc .....
❖ Some devices are input and output
‣ Touch screens, Modems.......

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o The material

Dr. Samia Noureddine

Data and Information

 All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts,
figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound,
given to the computer during the input phase.
 Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data
that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
 During the output Phase, the information that has been created is put
into some form, such as a printed report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage for future use.

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Introduction to Computer

Dr. Samia Noureddine

o How is an information stored?

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Information representation

Refers to the internal method on a computer by which data is represented
and stored in a digital binary format.
Information is encoded in binary using only 1’s and 0’s to represent 'on'
and 'off' states.
This binary representation is typically achieved using voltage levels, where 5
volts signify 'ON,' and 0 volts indicate 'OFF,' similar to how electrical
switches are used to turn lights on and off.

The term 'bit' is indeed an abbreviation for 'binary digit' and represents the
smallest unit of data in computing.

Introduction to Computer

Dr. Samia Noureddine

Information representation
✦Humans interpret words and pictures; computers interpret only patterns of bits.
For example : The letter M can be coded by the combination: 1001101
✦Bit is indeed foundation unit of information having just two possible values 1’s and 0’s,
✦Byte is a unit of digital information in computing.
❖A byte consists of 8 bits.
✦By using more than one bit we can encode more information.
✦For example, with 2 bits, we can encode 2^2 = 4 different options,
and each option is represented by 2 bits: (00,01,10,11).
✦With 3 bits, there are 2^3 = 8 different options, and each option is encoded using 3 bits : (000,001,010,011,
100,101,110,111). etc...

Introduction to Computer

o How is an information stored?

Units
1 Byte (B) = 8 bits
1 Kilo Byte (KB) = 2^10 bytes = 1024 bytes
1 Mega Byte (MB) = 2^20 bytes = 1024 KB
1 Giga Byte (GB) = 2^30 bytes = 1024 MB
1 Tera Byte (TB) = 2^40 bytes = 1024 GB
Peta Byte, Exa Byte... etc....

Dr. Samia Noureddine 22

Introduction to Computer

o The Software part

• Software is a set of instructions that allows a computer or computer
system to perform a task or function.
• It is important to know that software is programs.

There are two types of software:
 System Software (Operating System).
 Application Software.

• Software Runs The Machine
• Tells the computer what to do
• Reason people purchase computers
23 Dr. Samia Noureddine

• It is the initial program in a computer
system, it is installed in hard disk,
• It allows for the management of hardware
and other software; acting as the interface
between hardware, application software, and
the user.
• Example :

Introduction to Computer

1-Operating System
o The Software part

Dr. Samia Noureddine 24
Windows MacOS Linux

• These operating systems have
evolved over time, so there are
several versions of them.

2-Application software
The most common type of software is application software, or applications,
which is performed by the user (the person using the computer) and is used to
accomplish a specific task,
Examples :

• For word processing, Microsoft Word is commonly used.


• For statistical analysis, Microsoft Excel is employed.


• When presenting a speech or lecture, Microsoft PowerPoint is often used.


• In web page creation, Microsoft Front Page is a common choice.


• Managing databases can be accomplished using Microsoft Access., etc.

Introduction to Computer

o The Software part

25 Dr. Samia Noureddine

✦A programming language is essential for communicating with a machine, typically a
computer.
✦Programming languages consist of a set of rules that allows string values to be
converted into various ways of generating machine code
✦The description of a solution to a problem must be articulated using one of the
programming languages available.
✦Examples of programming languages include Pascal, BASIC, C, Delphi, Java, Python,
Matlab, and many more.

Introduction to Computer

o The Software part
A programming language