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TCM theory in NSCLC TCM theory is based on classical knowledge that dates back several thousand years, along with plenty of clinical experience, which focuses on the macroscopic and external phenomena and emphasizes that the body is an organic whole.TCM has different purposes and methods in each stage of the treatment of NSCLC, such as supplementing qi and regenerating blood during chemotherapy, supplementing qi and nourishing yin during radiotherapy, resolving stasis and dispersing masses after radiochemotherapy, and so on (Liu et al., 2017; Qi et al., 2015), and TCM is often used in combination with modern medicine to play a better synergistic action and clinical efficacyPathological changes in the internal organs of the body can be observed through external symptoms (Wang, Long, & Wu, 2018).

TCM theory in NSCLC
TCM theory is based on classical knowledge that dates back several thousand years, along with plenty of clinical experience, which
focuses on the macroscopic and external phenomena and emphasizes that the body is an organic whole. Pathological changes in
the internal organs of the body can be observed through external
symptoms (Wang, Long, & Wu, 2018). In TCM, lung cancer is classified as ‘‘lung accumulation, lung carbuncle, lung distension, chest
pain” (Liu et al., 2022). As described in The Yellow Emperor’s Inner
Canon, a classic Chinese medicine book, lung cancer is caused by
both internal (emotional disorders and poor diet) and external (exopathogens and environment) factors, and these pathogenic factors impair organ function and cause stasis of qi, blood,
dampness, phlegm, leading to an accumulation of ‘toxins’. After
these long-lasting malfunctions, they may cause significant inflammation and eventually lead to cancer (Liu, Wang, Zhang, Fan, & Lin,
2015). The theory of TCM in NSCLC is an individualized treatment
program based on the holistic concept and syndrome differentiation. Treatment aims to counterbalance these factors by ‘‘Fuzheng”
which means strengthening the body’s resistance and immunity
and ‘‘Quxie” which means eliminating pathogenic factors. TCM
has different purposes and methods in each stage of the treatment
of NSCLC, such as supplementing qi and regenerating blood during
chemotherapy, supplementing qi and nourishing yin during
radiotherapy, resolving stasis and dispersing masses after
radiochemotherapy, and so on (Liu et al., 2017; Qi et al., 2015),
and TCM is often used in combination with modern medicine to
play a better synergistic action and clinical efficacy