لخّصلي

Ecology of Nutritional Problems in the world 1-Climate change: Climate change such (Global warming, floods, and drought) may influence food production and nutrition security due to its impact on the agro-ecosystem. Effects on quantity, quality, access , and affordability of foods from agricultural, fishery, and livestock sectors rising nutrient deficiencies, chronic undernutrition, and vulnerability among the most food-insecure population groups. Furthermore, current changes in climate are influenced by food systems and modern consumption patterns. leading to increased prices and shifts towards cheaper processed food and beverages. And influence on Elevated levels of CO2 , eventually affect on economy of community. (Agostoni, et al.,2023)
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2-Floods: Floods are the most common natural disaster result from climate, this affects
on health and life of communities on short or long-term. Floods can causing direct destruction of Infrastructure and environment lead to destroys crops, drowning animals and spreads water-borne pathogens. Floods can result in destruction of the food system, leading to undernutrition and food insecurity. After-flooding may result in poverty according to borrowing money to Compensation for losses. (Troost, et al.,2022) 3-Drought: Drought may affect directly on agricultural, Marine life, livestock, air quality and water pollution this encouraging increase infectious and disease and decrease good sources for food and water,rising food prices and potential shortages, which can contribute to malnutrition and increase the risk of acute and chronic disease and death such dehydration. (Stanke, et al .,2013) 4- Disease: Disease and nutritional problems are closely related, as nutrition can affect the risk, prevention, and management of all chronic and acute diseases. (Martinon, et al., 2021) 5- Food distribution: Food distribution is the process of making food available in with high quality and accessible to people in different locations. Food distribution can be affected by various factors, such as infrastructure, markets, policies, trade, and humanitarian assistance and this lead to undernutrition, overnutrition, or micronutrient deficiencies. Unequal distribution of food resources among countries and regions, leading to food insecurity and hunger for some populations, especially in conflict-affected areas. (Shemyakina, 2022) Inadequate distribution of food diversity and quality, resulting in poor dietary patterns and low consumption of healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, and animal-source foods. Unbalanced distribution of food preferences and demand, driven by factors such as income, education, culture, and advertising, leading to overconsumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages, and obesity and related diseases. (Nabuuma, et al., 2021)
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6-Economic and ecological Factors:
Economic and ecological factors are among the many determinants of food choice, which can influence nutrition problems such as undernutrition, overnutrition, or micronutrient deficiencies. Some examples of these factors are: Economic factors: These include the cost, income, availability, and trade of food products, which can affect the affordability and accessibility of variety and nutritious foods for different populations. For instance, consumers with a high income may be able to purchase more healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and animal-source foods, while consumers with a low income may be limited by food prices and rely more on energy-dense. Ecological factors: These include the environmental impact, sustainability, and resilience of food production and distribution, which can affect the quality and quantity of food available for human consumption. (Mahmudiono, et al., 2019)
7- conflicts
Conflicts can cause food insecurity, malnutrition, famine, effect on International and global economy and increase risk of disease and infections. According to the Global Report on Food Crises 2021, conflict is the biggest driver of hunger, affecting 70% of the world’s hungry people. (Larkin, 2022).
Some of the ways that conflicts can impact nutrition are: disrupting food production, distribution, availability, access, and leading to food shortages, increase price, and reduced variety in food items. damaging health facilities and infrastructure, limiting the availability and quality of health and nutrition services. (Ihle, et al.,2020)
Nutritional problems related to conflicts are a significant concern, as they can lead to widespread malnutrition and exacerbate the vulnerability of affected populations. Conflicts disrupt local livelihoods, impair productive activities, and limit access to safe foods and basic services. This disruption can result in acute food shortages, leading to increased malnutrition, hunger and great implications for the health, future cognitive performance, and survival especially with children. (Makinde, et al .,2023)