لخّصلي

The politics of Earth and environmental justice are two important themes of postcolonial ecocriticism.This led to "overexploitation of forestlands" and "coercive expropriation of local lands". Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace, for example, shows how the British conquered Burma and exploited the Burmese teak forests. Due to the British colonization of Burma, teak wood forests are ruined and the timber yards in Rangoon have expanded.Europeans are able to render "the trees of the earth useful to human beings".Saya John's friend tells him that the British authorities in London spent a lot of money in order to have "seed stocks stolen from Brazil". European agricultural practices, in general, and cash cropping, in particular, replaced hunting and farming, damaged "established ecosystems," "reduced soil fertility," or resulted in "desertification" (2007, 1).First, forest clearing is a colonial strategy that legitimates "access to and control over the forestland for agricultural development" . Second, colonial forces created protected areas dedicated to "leisure-time activities of European settlers such as sport-hunting" .In Sea of Poppies, Ghosh tells his readers about Mr Lambert who is a French botanist interested in discovering the mangrove forests in India.Indeed, giving new discovered plants European names is a kind of imperialism.Postcolonial ecocritics discuss all forms of landscape and seascape exploitation by European colonizers in the global South.These forms of land exploitation include forest exploitation, plantation, gardening, and resource extraction.The Glass Palace makes reference to transplantation and points out how the British brought rubber seeds from Brazil and introduced rubber as a cash crop.forests, in the global South, are exploited for plant collecting.The first form of land exploitation in the global south is forest exploitation there are many reasons for forest exploitation.It means the discovery of new types of plants and giving new discovered plants European names.This is a form of ecological imperialism.plantation as the second form of land exploitation.There are many examples of cash cropping.In India, opium plantation is an example.In Burma,.

The politics of Earth and environmental justice are two important themes of postcolonial ecocriticism. Postcolonial ecocritics discuss all forms of landscape and seascape exploitation by European colonizers in the global South. These forms of land exploitation include forest exploitation, plantation, gardening, and resource extraction. The first form of land exploitation in the global south is forest exploitation there are many reasons for forest exploitation. First, forest clearing is a colonial strategy that legitimates "access to and control over the forestland for agricultural development" . Second, colonial forces created protected areas dedicated to "leisure-time activities of European settlers such as sport-hunting" . This led to "overexploitation of forestlands" and "coercive expropriation of local lands". Amitav Ghosh's The Glass Palace, for example, shows how the British conquered Burma and exploited the Burmese teak forests. Due to the British colonization of Burma, teak wood forests are ruined and the timber yards in Rangoon have expanded.Europeans are able to render "the trees of the earth useful to human beings".

forests, in the global South, are exploited for plant collecting. It means the discovery of new types of plants and giving new discovered plants European names. This is a form of ecological imperialism. In Sea of Poppies, Ghosh tells his readers about Mr Lambert who is a French botanist interested in discovering the mangrove forests in India.Indeed, giving new discovered plants European names is a kind of imperialism.

plantation as the second form of land exploitation. The Glass Palace makes reference to transplantation and points out how the British brought rubber seeds from Brazil and introduced rubber as a cash crop. Saya John's friend tells him that the British authorities in London spent a lot of money in order to have "seed stocks stolen from Brazil".

European agricultural practices, in general, and cash cropping, in particular, replaced hunting and farming, damaged "established ecosystems," "reduced soil fertility," or resulted in "desertification" (2007, 1). There are many examples of cash cropping. In India, opium plantation is an example. In Burma,. In Indian, Gangetic plains are suitable for poppy cultivation and the novel opens with a description of poppy fields: "[T]he Ganga seemed to be flowing between twin glaciers, both its banks being blanketed by thick drifts of white-petalled flowers" (2008, 3). The Glass Palace highlights the fact that European agricultural practices, in general, and cash cropping, in particular have catastrophic influence on land and people. Introducing rubber as a cash crop replaced local crops in Burma. Ghosh portrays the influence of rubber plantation on Saya John's village, Malacca. Saya John asserts that: Malacca was a changed place […] an area that had once been home to dozens of small spice gardens where pepper plants grew on vines.

In fact, Ghosh's The Glass Palace and Sea of Poppies reveal how new cash crops introduced by the British colonizer controlled life in Burma and India. The third form of land exploitation is gardening.