لخّصلي

Moore and Mealy Machines Mealy Machine Moore machine Mealy Machine A Mealy Machine is an FSM whose output depends on the present state as well as the present input.The state table of a Moore Machine is shown below -

Present state Next State Output Input = 0 Input = 1 -> a b c x2 b b d x1 c c d x2 d d d x3 The state diagram of the above Moore Machine is -

Moore Machine State Diagram Mealy Machine vs. Moore Machine The following table highlights the points that differentiate a Mealy Machine from a Moore Machine.Step 1 & 2 -

Present State Next State a = 0 a = 1 State Output State Output -> a d b b a d c c c d b a Step 3 -

Present State Next State a = 0 a = 1 State Output State Output => a d 1 b 0 b a 1 d 1 c c 0 c 0 d b 0 a 1 Mealy Machine to Moore Machine Algorithm 5 Input - Mealy Machine

Output - Moore Machine

Step 1 - Calculate the number of different outputs for each state (Qi) that are available in the state table of the Mealy machine.The state table of a Mealy Machine is shown below -

Present state Next state input = 0 input = 1 State Output State Output -> a b x1 c x1 b b x2 d x3 c d x3 c x1 d d x3 d x2 The state diagram of the above Mealy Machine is -

State Diagram of Mealy Machine Moore Machine Moore machine is an FSM whose outputs depend on only the present state.In Moore machines, more logic is required to decode the outputs resulting in more circuit delays.Moore Machine to Mealy Machine Algorithm 4 Input - Moore Machine

Output - Mealy Machine

Step 1 - Take a blank Mealy Machine transition table format.Step 3 - Check the present states and their corresponding outputs in the Moore Machine state table; if for a state Qi output is m, copy it into the output columns of the Mealy Machine state table wherever Qi appears in the next state.is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet.O is a finite set of symbols called the output alphabet.?? Q).??

Moore and Mealy Machines
Mealy Machine
Moore machine
Mealy Machine
A Mealy Machine is an FSM whose output depends on the present state as well as the present input.

It can be described by a 6 tuple (Q, ∑, O, δ, X, q0) where −

Q is a finite set of states.

∑ is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet.

O is a finite set of symbols called the output alphabet.

δ is the input transition function where δ: Q × ∑ → Q

X is the output transition function where X: Q × ∑ → O

q0 is the initial state from where any input is processed (q0 ∈ Q).

The state table of a Mealy Machine is shown below −

Present state Next state
input = 0 input = 1
State Output State Output
→ a b x1 c x1
b b x2 d x3
c d x3 c x1
d d x3 d x2
The state diagram of the above Mealy Machine is −

State Diagram of Mealy Machine
Moore Machine
Moore machine is an FSM whose outputs depend on only the present state.

A Moore machine can be described by a 6 tuple (Q, ∑, O, δ, X, q0) where −

Q is a finite set of states.

∑ is a finite set of symbols called the input alphabet.

O is a finite set of symbols called the output alphabet.

δ is the input transition function where δ: Q × ∑ → Q

X is the output transition function where X: Q → O

q0 is the initial state from where any input is processed (q0 ∈ Q).

The state table of a Moore Machine is shown below −

Present state Next State Output
Input = 0 Input = 1
→ a b c x2
b b d x1
c c d x2
d d d x3
The state diagram of the above Moore Machine is −

Moore Machine State Diagram
Mealy Machine vs. Moore Machine
The following table highlights the points that differentiate a Mealy Machine from a Moore Machine.

Mealy Machine Moore Machine
Output depends both upon the present state and the present input Output depends only upon the present state.
Generally, it has fewer states than Moore Machine. Generally, it has more states than Mealy Machine.
The value of the output function is a function of the transitions and the changes, when the input logic on the present state is done. The value of the output function is a function of the current state and the changes at the clock edges, whenever state changes occur.
Mealy machines react faster to inputs. They generally react in the same clock cycle. In Moore machines, more logic is required to decode the outputs resulting in more circuit delays. They generally react one clock cycle later.
Moore Machine to Mealy Machine
Algorithm 4
Input − Moore Machine

Output − Mealy Machine

Step 1 − Take a blank Mealy Machine transition table format.

Step 2 − Copy all the Moore Machine transition states into this table format.

Step 3 − Check the present states and their corresponding outputs in the Moore Machine state table; if for a state Qi output is m, copy it into the output columns of the Mealy Machine state table wherever Qi appears in the next state.

Example
Let us consider the following Moore machine −

Present State Next State Output
a = 0 a = 1
→ a d b 1
b a d 0
c c c 0
d b a 1
Now we apply Algorithm 4 to convert it to Mealy Machine.

Step 1 & 2 −

Present State Next State
a = 0 a = 1
State Output State Output
→ a d b
b a d
c c c
d b a
Step 3 −

Present State Next State
a = 0 a = 1
State Output State Output
=> a d 1 b 0
b a 1 d 1
c c 0 c 0
d b 0 a 1
Mealy Machine to Moore Machine
Algorithm 5
Input − Mealy Machine

Output − Moore Machine

Step 1 − Calculate the number of different outputs for each state (Qi) that are available in the state table of the Mealy machine.

Step 2 − If all the outputs of Qi are same, copy state Qi. If it has n distinct outputs, break Qi into n states as Qin where n = 0, 1, 2.......

Step 3 − If the output of the initial state is 1, insert a new initial state at the beginning which gives 0 output.

Example
Let us consider the following Mealy Machine −

Present State Next State
a = 0 a = 1
Next State Output Next State Output
→ a d 0 b 1
b a 1 d 0
c c 1 c 0
d b 0 a 1
Here, states ‘a’ and ‘d’ give only 1 and 0 outputs respectively, so we retain states ‘a’ and ‘d’. But states ‘b’ and ‘c’ produce different outputs (1 and 0). So, we divide b into b0, b1 and c into c0, c1.

Present State Next State Output
a = 0 a = 1
→ a d b1 1
b0 a d 0
b1 a d 1
c0 c1 C0 0
c1 c1 C0 1
d b0 a 0
Print Page