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Fasciola hepatica, a leaf-shaped liver fluke (3cm x 1cm, grayish), possesses an oral and ventral sucker. Its branched intestine and coiled uterus contain grayish eggs. The life cycle begins with eggs excreted in feces, hatching in freshwater as miracidia that infect snails. These develop into cercariae, encysting on aquatic vegetation. Humans contract fascioliasis by ingesting metacercariae on plants like watercress, leading to adult flukes in the bile ducts. Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; severe cases may involve hepatitis or peritonitis. Chronic fascioliasis can cause obstructive jaundice and ectopic infections. Diagnosis involves fecal egg identification. Treatment includes Albendazole, sulfoxide, Praziquantel, and bithionol. Prevention focuses on avoiding contaminated water plants and raw sheep liver. The acute form, rarely seen in humans, involves large numbers of migrating larvae causing severe liver damage.

2.Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke) Adult The adult Fasciola hepatica worm is
flattened, leaf like shape,
equipped with shoulders, somewhat oblong. Adult Fasciola hepatica measuring 3cm by 1cm in size, grayish in color. There are two suckers, oral sucker and ventral sucker, they located in cephalic zone. The intestine is branched. The uterus is short and coiled filled with grayish eggs.Life cycle
Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke, causes
disease primarily in sheep and other domestic
animals in Latin America, Africa, Europe, and China.
Humans are infected by eating watercress (or other
aquatic
plants)
contaminated
by
larvae
(metacercariae) that excyst in the duodenum,
penetrate the gut wall, and reach the liver, where they
mature into adults. Hermaphroditic adults in the bile
ducts produce eggs (unembryonated operculated
ovum) , which are excreted in the feces. The eggs
hatch in fresh water, and miracidia enter the snails.
Miracidia develop into cercariae, which then encyst
on aquatic vegetation. Sheep and humans eat the
plants, thus completing the life cycle.Egg miracidia
sporosyst
larva
miracidia enter the snails develop into cercariae
Life cycle of schistosomes
Egg miracidia
Adult worm
miracidia enter the snails develop into cercariae
Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica &Fasciolopsis buski
The life cycle stage of the digenetic trematodes that cause
"swimmer's itch" is aRedia

sporosyst
larva
rediae
cercariae
metacercariae
cercariae Adult wormClinical symptoms
Fascioliasis, an infection with a liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica),
Symptoms are due primarily to the presence of the adult worm in the
biliary tract. it is marked by stomach and bowel pain, fever, a liver disease
(jaundice), and diarrhea. In early infection, right-upper-quadrant pain,
and hepatomegaly can occur, but most infections are asymptomatic.
Months or years later, obstructive jaundice can occur.
Halzoun is a painful pharyngitis caused by the presence of adult flukes on
the posterior pharyngeal wall.
The adult flukes are acquired by eating raw sheep liver. Or by swallowing
metacercariae of the fluke found on water plants, as rawwatercress.
Acute fascioliasis
• In its severe form and its occurs in sheep but rarely in man and requires
large numbers of parasites. Large numbers of migrating larvae invade the
liver and cause a traumatic hepatitis that is frequently fatal. Sometimes the
liver capsule may rupture into the peritoneal cavity, causing death from
peritonitis. More usually the invasive phase lasts many weeks, with the
most common symptoms being intermittent fever, hepatomegaly, and
abdominal painChronic fascioliasis
After reaching the liver, there is then a latent phase lasting months or even years, when infection is asymptomatic. • may be an obstructive phase causing hepatitis, cholangitis, or pancreatitis, and so the flukes may cause ectopic infections, especially in the lungs and subcutaneous tissues.
Diagnosis is made by identification of eggs in the feces. Adult flukes in the pharynx and larynx can be removed surgically. There is no serologic test. control of Fasciola hepatica = Avoid or not eating contaminated aquatic vegetables and water and uncookedor raw liver sheep Treatment of Fasciola hepatica = Albendazole, sulphoxide Praziquantel and bithionol