لخّصلي

Chapter 1 The spices The spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance used in nutrition insignificant amounts as food additive for flavor, color, or as a preservative that kills harmful bacteria.The spread of thyme throughout Europe was thought to be due to the Romans, as they used it to purify their [1] rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs". In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed beneath pillows to aid sleep [2] and ward off nightmares. In this period, women also often gave knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves, as it was believed to bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals, as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life. The name of the genus of fish Thymallus, first given to the grayling (T. thymallus described in the 1758 edition of Systema Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus) originates from the faint smell of the herb thyme, which emanates from the flesh. Cultivation: Thyme is best cultivated in a hot, sunny location with well-drained soil. It is generally planted in the spring, and thereafter grows as a perennial. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or dividing rooted sections of the [5] plant. It tolerates drought well. The plants can take deep freezes and are found growing wild on mountain highlands. Along theItalian Riviera, it is found from sea level up to 800 m. Medicinal use: Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil Oil of thyme, the essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains 20-54% thymol. Thyme essential oil also contains a range of additional compounds, such as p-cymene, myrcene, borneol, and linalool. Thymol, an antiseptic, is an active ingredient in various [8] commercially produced mouthwashes such as Listerine. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate [1] bandages. It has also been shown to be effective against various fungi that commonly infect toenails. Thymol can also be found as the active ingredient in some all-natural, alcohol-free hand sanitizers. A tisane made by infusing the herb in water can be used for coughs and bronchitis. Thyme is used also as: ? Carminative ? Digestive ? Antimicrobial ? Antiseptic ? Antispasmodic ? Anthelminitic ? Expectorant Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) ?????? ??? Plant family Lauraceae (laurel family). Used plant part Leaves. Industrially, laurel oil is prepared from the fruits, which may also be used as a spice with great success. The Lauraceae are the laurel family, that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. The family comprises over 3000 species offlowering plants in over 50 genera worldwide. They occur mainly in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia andSouth America. Many are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but some, such as Sassafras, are deciduous, or include both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, especially in tropical and temperate climates. Cassytha is a genus unique to the Lauraceae family in that it is a genus of parasitic vines. Origin Probably Asia Minor. Today, the laurel tree grows all over the Mediterranean. Turkey is one of the main exporters. Phytochemistry: The adaptation of Lauraceae to new environments has followed a long evolutionary journey which has led to many specializations, including defensive or deterrent systems against other organisms. Phytochemicals in the Lauraceae are numerous and diverse. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids include aporphines and
oxoaporphines, as well as derivatives of morphinans. Essential oils include terpenoids, benzylbenzoates, allylphenols, and propenylphenols. Lignans and neolignans are present. Laurus nobilis is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glossy leaves, native to the Mediterranean region. It is one of the plants used for bay leaf seasoning in cooking. It is known as bay laurel, sweet bay, bay tree (esp. United Kingdom), true laurel. Worldwide, many other kinds of plants in diverse families are also called "bay" or "laurel", generally due to similarity of foliage or aroma to Laurus nobilis, and the full name is used for the California bay laurel (Umbellularia), also in the family Lauraceae.Another 2009 study on curcumin effects on cancer states that curcumin "modulates growth of tumor cells through regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways including cell proliferation pathway (cyclin D1, c- myc), cell survival pathway (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, XIAP, c-IAP1), caspase activation pathway (caspase-8, 3, 9), tumor suppressor pathway (p53, p21) death receptor pathway (DR4, DR5), mitochondrial pathways, and protein kinase pathway (JNK, Akt, and AMPK)". When 0.2% curcumin is added to diet given to rats or mice previously given a carcinogen, it significantly reduces colon carcinogenesis (Data from sixteen scientific articles reported in the Chemoprevention Database). Potential risks and side-effects Kawanishi et al. (2005) remarked that curcumin, like many antioxidants, can be a "double-edged sword" where in the test tube, anti-cancer and antioxidant effects may be seen in addition to pro-oxidant effects.Treatment of the disorders affecting digestive tract ?Although nigella is not mentioned in the common Bible translations, there is good evidence that an obscure plant name mentioned in the Old Testament means nigella; if true, this would indicate that nigella is cultivated since far more than two millennia Main constituents The seeds contain numerous esters of structurally unusual unsaturated fatty acids with terpene alcohols (7%); furthermore, traces of alkaloids are found which belong to two different types: isochinoline al- kaloids are represented by nigellimin and nigellimin-N-oxide, and pyrazol alkaloids include nigellidin and nigellicin.Production: Ginger production, 2013
Country Production (millions of tonnes) India 0.683 China 0.390 Nepal 0.235 Indonesia 0.233 Nigeria 0.160 World 2.1 Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAOSTAT Folk medicine: Ginger was classified as a stimulant and carminative and used frequently for dyspepsia, gastroparesis,
slow motility symptoms, constipation or colic.Black seed Unripe Nigella capsule (culinary)

Capsule of N. Ciliaris Nigella plant with unripe seed pods In some English sources, it is called black cumin, black caraway (for its usage, together with caraway, in Jewish rye breads) and black onion seed (motivated by the similarity to the seeds of onion).The seeds also contain a fixed oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid (50 - 60%), oleic acid (20%), eicodadienoic acid (3%) and dihomolinoleic acid (10%) which is characteristic for the genus.Medicinal uses: Antibacterial Antifungal Appetizer Carminative Diaphoretic Digestive Expectorant Stimulant Edible parts: Leaves and seeds.A previous (1999) study performed at University of Cincinnati indicated that curcumin is significantly associated with protection from infection by HSV-2 in animal models of intravaginal infections.Medicinal uses: Turmeric is used for: oDiarrhea opreparation of medicinal oil
oInflammation and wound healing oIntestinal gas
oBlood purifier o Ointments oGall bladder disorders oLeprosy oStomach pain oEye infections oDropsy oSeveral types of cancer such as prostate, breast, skin and colon Turmeric and dye.Curcumin Keto form Curcumin Enol form

Potential medical uses Curcumin acts as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, inhibiting lipid [16] peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage.The same study showed that curcumin inhibited the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to viral DNA, thus inhibiting the transcription of the viral DNA.Chemistry: The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture of zingerone, shogaols, and gingerols, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the weight of fresh ginger.In laboratory animals, the gingerols increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, antibacterial properties.The chemical compound lauroside B isolated from Laurus nobilis is an inhibitor of human melanoma (skin cancer) cell proliferation at high concentrations in-vitro.A traditional folk remedy for rashes caused by poison ivy, poison oak, and stinging nettle is a poultice soaked in boiled bay leaves.Other uses: Bay is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in regions with Mediterranean or oceanic climates, and as a house plant or greenhouse plant in colder regions.scientific name Sinapis alba
White mustard plant

White mustard seed Description White mustard is an annual, growing to 70 cm high with stalkless pinnate leaves.White mustard has fewer volatile oils and the flavor is considered to be milder than that produced by black mustard seeds.Chemistry:
White mustard contains an enzyme called myrosin, glucoside sinalbin which yield upon hydrolysis.Carcinogenic effects are inferred from interference with the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, an important factor in human colon cancer.Clinical studies in humans with high doses (2-12 grams) of curcumin have shown few side effects, with some subjects reporting mild nausea or .More recently, curcumin was found to alter iron metabolism by chelating iron and suppressing the protein hepcidin, potentially causing .Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant, in the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizome is widely used as a spice or a folk medicine.Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae and is closely related to turmeric, Curcuma longa, and cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum.The pungent taste of ginger is due to nonvolatile phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, particularly gingerols and shogaols, which form from gingerols when ginger is dried or cooked.Commercial nigella oil (Black Seed Oil, Black Cumin Oil) may also contain parts of the essential oil, mostly thymoquinone, by which it acquires an aromatic flavour.Thyme is of the genus Thymus of the mint family (Lamiaceae), and a relative of the oregano genus Origanum.The herb is much cultivated in Eastern and Southern Europe and Northern Africa, but also in the US. History: Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The fruit contains up to 30% fatty oils and about 1% essential oils (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols, and ketones).Dried laurel berries and pressed leaf oil can both be used as robust [6] spices, and the wood can be burnt for strong smoke flavoring.In massage therapy, the essential oil of bay laurel is reputed to alleviate arthritis and rheumatism, while in aromatherapy, it is used to treat earaches and high blood pressure.Because of their rapid growth it covers crops to suppress weeds in the fall, acting as organic pesticides and fumigators.The seeds contain protein, crude fat, moisture, N free extract, fiber and ash.Curcuminoids induce glutathione S-transferase and are potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450.A 2008 study at Michigan State University showed that low concentrations of curcumin interfere with Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) [14] replication.Curcumin can interfere with the activity of the transcription factor NF-IoB, which has been linked to a number of inflammatory diseases such as cancer.A 2009 study suggests that curcumin may inhibit mTOR complex I via a novel mechanism.It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual stems about a meter tall bearing narrow green leaves and yellow flowers.Zingerone is also produced from gingerols during this process; this compound is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma.Characteristics: The laurel can vary greatly in size and height, sometimes reaching 10- 18 metres (33-59 ft) tall.The genus includes three species, whose diagnostic key characters often overlap (Mabberley 1997).A recent study found considerable genetic diversity within L. nobilis, and [4] that L. azorica is not genetically or morphologically distinct.Chemical constituents: The most abundant component found in laurel essential oil is 1,8- cineole, also called eucalyptol.Uses: The yellow flowers of the plant produce hairy seed pods, with each pod containing roughly a half dozen seeds.These seeds are harvested just prior to the pods becoming ripe and bursting.White mustard, scientific name Sinapis alba is an annual plant and member of the Brassicaceae family.The oil of it is used as lubricant and for lighting Turmeric (scientific name Curcuma longa L.) ??????It has a warm, bitter taste and is frequently used to flavor or color curry powders, mustards, butters, and cheeses.antioxidant, antiarthritic, anti-amyloid, anti-ischemic and anti- inflammatory properties.In HIV, it appears to act by interfering with P300/CREB-binding protein (CBP).Carcinogenic and LD tests in mice and rats, however, have failed 50 to establish a relationship between tumorogenesis and administration of .Peppercorns Plant with ripening pepper berries

Used plant part Dried fruits, usually known as peppercorns.Ginger originated in the lush tropical jungles in Southern Asia. [6]-gingerol (1-[4'- hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger.Oral or topical uses of ginger to treat various disorders, such as nausea or arthritis pain.The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice,

Used plant part The deep black, sharp-edged seed grains., ????]

Thyme (/'taIm/) is an evergreen herb with culinary, medicinal, and ornamental uses.Laurus is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae.Human uses: Food The plant is the source of several popular herbs and one spice used in a wide variety of recipes, particularly among Mediterranean [2] cuisines.Dried leaves used in silos to protect stored beans, grains from weevils and other grain eating insects.It is used in topiary to create single erect stems with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also for low [11] hedges.White mustard seeds are hard round seeds, usually around 1.0 to 1.5 mm (0.039 to 0.059 in) in diameter, with a color ranging from beige or yellow to light brown.The seeds contain sinalbin, which is a thioglycoside responsible for their pungent taste.Origin: White mustard originates from the Mediterranean region.Anti-inflammatory properties may be due to inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis.In addition it may be effective in treating malaria, prevention of cervical cancer, and may interfere with the replication of the HIV virus.Depending on harvest time and processing, peppercorns can be black, white, green and red (actually, reddish brown).The traditional types are black and white; dried green peppercorns are a more recent innovation, but are now rather common in Western countries.Ginger was exported to Europe via India in the first century AD as a result of the lucrativespice trade and was used extensively by the Romans.Ginger contains up to 3% of a fragrant essential oil whose main constituents are sesquiterpenoids.Ginger is a minor chemical irritant and, because of this, was used as a horsesuppository by pre-World War I mounted regiments for feaguing.In limited studies, ginger was found to be effective for treating nausea caused by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy.Saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic acid) amount to about 30% or less.Names like Turkish kekik or Arabic zatar/satar [????The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing it was a source of courage.Each flower is pale yellow-green, about 1 cm diameter, and they are borne in pairs beside a leaf.Alternative medicine: Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can also be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds.Together with a gold form, L. nobilis 'Aurea', it has gained [12] the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.Laurel oil is a main ingredient, and the distinguishing characteristic of Aleppo soap Many spices are also used for other purposes such as:-

1. Turmeric is used as preservative.There are many spices such as: o Turmeric oWhite mustard oGinger oPepper
   oBlack seed oThyme o Laurel (Bay laurel) White mustard????White mustard is grown for its fresh greens or left to dry and harvested for its seeds.Toxicity:
   The seeds have a cathartic acid due to liberation of H S on contact with 2 water.Oil of White mustard: The seed contain 35% of semi-drying oil.Chemistry:
   Curcumin Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice turmeric.Curcumin can exist in at least two tautomeric forms, keto and enol.In vitro and animal studies have suggested the curcumin may have , antitumor.This effect was shown to be independent of effect on histone acetyltransferase activities of p300/CBP.Anticancer effects Its potential anticancer effects stem from its ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells without cytotoxic effects on healthy cells.curcumin in turmeric oleoresin at >98% concentrations.Peppercorns are also available pickled in brine or vinegar.This is the traditional form of preserving green peppercorns, but in recent years, preserved red peppercorns have become increasingly popular.Family Zingiberaceae

Fresh ginger rhizome Dried ginger

Ginger is a spice which is used for cooking and medicine.Ginger leaves are occasionally used for flavoring in ginger producing countries.Gingerols can inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cells in vitro.Ginger has a sialagogue action, stimulating the production of saliva, which makes swallowing easier.Human studies suggested that 1g/day of ginger may be safe and effective for pregnancy associated with nausea and vomiting when used for short period ( 4 days).Nigella sativa is [1] a black cumin (also known as nigella or kalonji).Medicinal use of Nigella sativa : It has been traditionally used for: ?The laurel is dioecious (unisexual), with male and female flowers on separate plants.The fruit is a small, shiny black berry-like drupe about [2] [3] 1 cm long that contains one seed.lauri folii), consisting of 45% eucalyptol.The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to obtain these products.Most commonly, the aromatic leaves are added whole to Italian pasta sauces.However, even when cooked, whole bay leaves can be sharp [5] and abrasive enough to damage internal organs, so they are typically removed from dishes before serving, unless used as a [6] simple garnish.When ground and mixed with other ingredients, a paste or more standard condiment can be produced.Powdered seeds used as a food flavouring.The other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin.The curcuminoids are polyphenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric.In animal studies, hair loss (alopecia) and lowering of blood pressure have .In the fresh state, it has a characteristic staghorn-like appearance; dried ginger is usually sold in form of an off- white to very light brown powder.Although ginger no longer grows wild, it is thought to have originated on the Indian subcontinent.The ginger plants grown in India show the largest amount of genetic variation.The larger the number of genetic variations, the longer the plant has grown in that region.Individuals with gallstones should consult a doctor before taking ginger.It is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae.Nigella sativa can grow to be 20-30 cm (7.9-11.8 in) tall.Origin Probably Western Asia.Skin Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) ??????The most common variety is Thymus vulgaris.The leaves are 6-12 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with an entire(untoothed) margin.The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (ol.Both essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit.Whole bay leaves are used almost exclusively as flavor agents during the food preparation stage.Ground bay leaves, however, can be ingested safely and are often used in soups and stocks, as well as being a common addition to a Bloody [6] Mary.2) Liquorice is used in medicin. 3) Garlic is used as a vegetable.They can be used whole for pickling or toasted for use in dishes.It is also planted as feedstock or as a green manure.Leaves have a hot pungent flavor.Seeds are eaten raw, used in salads.You probably know turmeric as the main spice.But the root of turmeric is also used widely to make medicine.It is used to color and flavor of foodstuff.The enol form is more energetically stable in the solid phase and in solution.iron deficiency in susceptible patients.Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)??????Plant family Piperaceae (pepper family).Red peppercorns, however, are still a very rare commodity.There is no pickled black or white pepper.Ginger (Zingiber officinale) ????????Used plant part: The large, fleshy rhizome.Motion sickness: Ginger is effective in reducing symptoms associated with motion sickness.Precaution: Side effects associated with ginger are rare.Given in flatulent colic.It may lower cholesterol and help prevent the blood from clotting.Available forms of ginger: Including capsules, oil, ginger bread, ginger ale and ginger sticks.Black seed (Nigella sativa L.) ????It is from south and southwest Asia.Plant family Ranunculaceae (buttercup family).Lemon thyme Thyme ??????Origin Southern Europe.On some leaves the [2] margin undulates.The laurel are mainly used in: ?Used in manufacture of some types of soaps ?There are white, yellow and black mustard.Family (Zingiberaceae).Description Turmeric is a plant.It used in yellow dye.family (Zingiberaceae).It is also hepatoprotective.been reported.diarrhea.India is now the largest producer of ginger.Medicinal use of ginger: ?Stimulant.Carminative.Given in dyspepsia.Respiratory health ?Rheumatism ?Circulatory system ?Immune system support ?Acne ?Toothache ?Insomnia ?Whole bay leaves have a long shelf life of about one [6] year, under normal temperature and humidity.Tonic effect ?Stimulates general appetite ?Leaves used as a natural insect repellents ?????Leaves are eaten raw or cooked.It is used in Indian clothing.?????????????-?????????-????????????Stomach
?Kidney and liver function ?Headache ?

Chapter 1
The spices
The spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or vegetative substance
used in nutrition insignificant amounts as food additive for flavor, color,
or as a preservative that kills harmful bacteria.
Many spices are also used for other purposes such as:-

1. Turmeric is used as preservative.


2. Liquorice is used in medicin.


3. Garlic is used as a vegetable.
   There are many spices such as:
   • Turmeric
   •White mustard
   •Ginger
   •Pepper
   
   •Black seed
   •Thyme
   • Laurel (Bay laurel)
   White mustardضيبأ لدرخ scientific name Sinapis alba
   
   White mustard plant

White mustard seed
Description
White mustard is an annual, growing to 70 cm high with stalkless
pinnate leaves. There are white, yellow and black mustard.
Uses:
The yellow flowers of the plant produce hairy seed pods, with each pod
containing roughly a half dozen seeds. These seeds are harvested just prior
to the pods becoming ripe and bursting.
White mustard seeds are hard round seeds, usually around 1.0 to 1.5 mm
(0.039 to 0.059 in) in diameter, with a color ranging from beige or yellow
to light brown. They can be used whole for pickling or toasted for use in
dishes. When ground and mixed with other ingredients, a paste or more
standard condiment can be produced.
The seeds contain sinalbin, which is a thioglycoside responsible for their
pungent taste. White mustard has fewer volatile oils and the flavor is
considered to be milder than that produced by black mustard seeds.
White mustard, scientific name Sinapis alba is an annual plant and member
of the Brassicaceae family. White mustard is grown for its fresh greens or
left to dry and harvested for its seeds. It is also planted as feedstock or as a
green manure. Because of their rapid growth it covers crops to suppress
weeds in the fall, acting as organic pesticides and fumigators.

Origin: White mustard originates from the Mediterranean region.

Medicinal uses:
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Appetizer
Carminative
Diaphoretic
Digestive
Expectorant
Stimulant
Edible parts:
Leaves and seeds.

Leaves have a hot pungent flavor. Leaves are eaten raw or cooked.
Seeds are eaten raw, used in salads. Powdered seeds used as a food
flavouring.

Chemistry:

White mustard contains an enzyme called myrosin, glucoside sinalbin
which yield upon hydrolysis.

The seeds contain protein, crude fat, moisture, N free extract, fiber and ash.

Toxicity:

The seeds have a cathartic acid due to liberation of H S on contact with
2
water.
Oil of White mustard:
The seed contain 35% of semi-drying oil.

The oil of it is used as lubricant and for lighting
Turmeric (scientific name Curcuma longa L.) مكركلا
Family (Zingiberaceae).

Description
Turmeric is a plant. You probably know turmeric as the main spice. It has
a warm, bitter taste and is frequently used to flavor or color curry
powders, mustards, butters, and cheeses. But the root of turmeric is also
used widely to make medicine.
Medicinal uses:
Turmeric is used for:
•Diarrhea •preparation of medicinal oil

•Inflammation and wound healing •Intestinal gas

•Blood purifier • Ointments
•Gall bladder disorders
•Leprosy
•Stomach pain
•Eye infections
•Dropsy
•Several types of cancer such as prostate, breast, skin and colon
Turmeric and dye.

It is used in Indian clothing. It used in yellow dye. It is used to
color and flavor of foodstuff.
Chemistry:

Curcumin
Curcumin is the principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice
turmeric. family (Zingiberaceae). The other two curcuminoids are
desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are
polyphenols and are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric. Curcumin
can exist in at least two tautomeric forms, keto and enol. The enol form is
more energetically stable in the solid phase and in solution.

Curcumin Keto form
Curcumin Enol form

Potential medical uses
Curcumin acts as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant, inhibiting lipid
[16]
peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. Curcuminoids induce
glutathione S-transferase and are potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450.
In vitro and animal studies have suggested the curcumin may have
,
antitumor. antioxidant, antiarthritic, anti-amyloid, anti-ischemic and anti-
inflammatory properties. Anti-inflammatory properties may be due to
inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis. In addition it may be effective in
treating malaria, prevention of cervical cancer, and may interfere with the
replication of the HIV virus. In HIV, it appears to act by interfering with
P300/CREB-binding protein (CBP). It is also hepatoprotective. A 2008
study at Michigan State University showed that low concentrations of
curcumin interfere with Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)
[14]
replication. The same study showed that curcumin inhibited the
recruitment of RNA polymerase II to viral DNA, thus inhibiting the
transcription of the viral DNA. This effect was shown to be independent of
effect on histone acetyltransferase activities of p300/CBP. A previous
(1999) study performed at University of Cincinnati indicated that curcumin
is significantly associated with protection from infection by HSV-2 in
animal models of intravaginal infections.
Anticancer effects
Its potential anticancer effects stem from its ability to induce apoptosis in
cancer cells without cytotoxic effects on healthy cells. Curcumin can
interfere with the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB, which has
been linked to a number of inflammatory diseases such as cancer.

A 2009 study suggests that curcumin may inhibit mTOR complex I via a
novel mechanism.

Another 2009 study on curcumin effects on cancer states that curcumin
"modulates growth of tumor cells through regulation of multiple cell
signaling pathways including cell proliferation pathway (cyclin D1, c-
myc), cell survival pathway (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, XIAP, c-IAP1),
caspase activation pathway (caspase-8, 3, 9), tumor suppressor pathway
(p53, p21) death receptor pathway (DR4, DR5), mitochondrial pathways,
and protein kinase pathway (JNK, Akt, and AMPK)".

When 0.2% curcumin is added to diet given to rats or mice previously
given a carcinogen, it significantly reduces colon carcinogenesis (Data
from sixteen scientific articles reported in the Chemoprevention Database).
Potential risks and side-effects
Kawanishi et al. (2005) remarked that curcumin, like many antioxidants,
can be a "double-edged sword" where in the test tube, anti-cancer and
antioxidant effects may be seen in addition to pro-oxidant
effects. Carcinogenic effects are inferred from interference with the p53
tumor suppressor pathway, an important factor in human colon
cancer. Carcinogenic and LD tests in mice and rats, however, have failed
50
to establish a relationship between tumorogenesis and administration of
.
curcumin in turmeric oleoresin at >98% concentrations.
In animal studies, hair loss (alopecia) and lowering of blood pressure have
.
been reported.
Clinical studies in humans with high doses (2-12 grams) of curcumin have
shown few side effects, with some subjects reporting mild nausea or
.
diarrhea. More recently, curcumin was found to alter iron metabolism by
chelating iron and suppressing the protein hepcidin, potentially causing
.
iron deficiency in susceptible patients.
Pepper (Piper nigrum L.)دوسلاا لففلا
Plant family
Piperaceae (pepper family).

        Peppercorns                                        Plant with ripening pepper 

berries

Used plant part
Dried fruits, usually known as peppercorns. Depending on harvest
time and processing, peppercorns can be black, white, green and
red (actually, reddish brown). The traditional types are black and
white; dried green peppercorns are a more recent innovation, but
are now rather common in Western countries. Red peppercorns,
however, are still a very rare commodity.
Peppercorns are also available pickled in brine or vinegar. This is
the traditional form of preserving green peppercorns, but in recent
years, preserved red peppercorns have become increasingly
popular. There is no pickled black or white pepper.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) ليبجنزلا
Family Zingiberaceae

Fresh ginger rhizome Dried ginger

Ginger is a spice which is used for cooking and medicine.
Used plant part:
The large, fleshy rhizome. In the fresh state, it has a characteristic
staghorn-like appearance; dried ginger is usually sold in form of an off–
white to very light brown powder.
Ginger leaves are occasionally used for flavoring in ginger producing
countries.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant, in
the family Zingiberaceae whose rhizome is widely used as a spice or a folk
medicine.
It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual stems about a meter tall
bearing narrow green leaves and yellow flowers. Ginger is in the family
Zingiberaceae and is closely related to turmeric, Curcuma longa, and
cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum. Ginger originated in the lush tropical
jungles in Southern Asia. Although ginger no longer grows wild, it is
thought to have originated on the Indian subcontinent. The ginger plants
grown in India show the largest amount of genetic variation. The larger the
number of genetic variations, the longer the plant has grown in that region.
Ginger was exported to Europe via India in the first century AD as a result
of the lucrativespice trade and was used extensively by the Romans. India
is now the largest producer of ginger.

Chemistry:
The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture
of zingerone, shogaols, and gingerols, volatile oils that compose one to
three percent of the weight of fresh ginger. In laboratory animals, the
gingerols increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and
have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic, antibacterial properties. Gingerols
can inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-
hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent
principle of ginger.
Ginger contains up to 3% of a fragrant essential oil whose main
constituents are sesquiterpenoids. The pungent taste of ginger is due
to nonvolatile phenylpropanoid-derived compounds,
particularly gingerols and shogaols, which form from gingerols when
ginger is dried or cooked. Zingerone is also produced from gingerols
during this process; this compound is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet
aroma. Ginger is a minor chemical irritant and, because of this, was used
as a horsesuppository by pre-World War I mounted regiments
for feaguing.
Ginger has a sialagogue action, stimulating the production of saliva, which
makes swallowing easier.
Production:
Ginger production, 2013

Country
Production (millions of tonnes)
India 0.683
China 0.390
Nepal 0.235
Indonesia 0.233
Nigeria 0.160
World 2.1
Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations, FAOSTAT
Folk medicine:
Ginger was classified as a stimulant and carminative and used
frequently for dyspepsia, gastroparesis,

slow motility symptoms, constipation or colic.

Motion sickness: Ginger is effective in reducing symptoms associated
with motion sickness. Oral or topical uses of ginger to treat
various disorders, such as nausea or arthritis pain. In limited studies,
ginger was found to be effective for treating nausea caused
by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy. Human studies
suggested that 1g/day of ginger may be safe and effective for pregnancy
associated with nausea and vomiting when used for short period ( 4 days).
Precaution: Side effects associated with ginger are rare. Individuals with
gallstones should consult a doctor before taking ginger.
Medicinal use of ginger:
 Stimulant.
 Carminative.
 Given in flatulent colic.
 Given in dyspepsia.
 It may lower cholesterol and help prevent the blood from clotting.

Available forms of ginger: Including capsules, oil, ginger bread, ginger
ale and ginger sticks.
Black seed (Nigella sativa L.)
دوسا نومك -ةكربلا ةبح -ءادوسلا ةبحلا

  Black seed                               Unripe Nigella capsule (culinary) 

Capsule of N. Ciliaris Nigella plant with unripe seed pods
In some English sources, it is called black cumin, black caraway (for
its usage, together with caraway, in Jewish rye breads) and black onion
seed (motivated by the similarity to the seeds of onion). Nigella sativa is
[1]
a black cumin (also known as nigella or kalonji). It is
an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is from south
and southwest Asia. Nigella sativa can grow to be 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in)
tall.
The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice,

Used plant part
The deep black, sharp-edged seed grains.
Plant family
Ranunculaceae (buttercup family).
Origin
Probably Western Asia. Although nigella is not mentioned in the
common Bible translations, there is good evidence that an obscure plant
name mentioned in the Old Testament means nigella; if true, this would
indicate that nigella is cultivated since far more than two millennia
Main constituents
The seeds contain numerous esters of structurally unusual
unsaturated fatty acids with terpene alcohols (7%); furthermore, traces of
alkaloids are found which belong to two different types: isochinoline al-
kaloids are represented by nigellimin and nigellimin-N-oxide, and pyrazol
alkaloids include nigellidin and nigellicin.
The seeds also contain a fixed oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids,
mainly linoleic acid (50 – 60%), oleic acid (20%), eicodadienoic acid (3%)
and dihomolinoleic acid (10%) which is characteristic for the genus.
Saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic acid) amount to about 30% or less.
Commercial nigella oil (Black Seed Oil, Black Cumin Oil) may also
contain parts of the essential oil, mostly thymoquinone, by which it
acquires an aromatic flavour.
Medicinal use of Nigella sativa :
It has been traditionally used for:
 Respiratory health
 Stomach

 Rheumatism
 Kidney and liver function
 Circulatory system
 Immune system support
 Acne
 Headache
 Toothache
 Insomnia
 Loss of hair
 Skin
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) رتعزلا

Lemon thyme                                              Thyme رتعزلا  



Names like Turkish kekik or Arabic zatar/satar [رتعز , رتعص]                    

Thyme (/ˈtaɪm/) is an evergreen herb with culinary, medicinal, and
ornamental uses. The most common variety is Thymus vulgaris. Thyme is
of the genus Thymus of the mint family (Lamiaceae), and a relative of
the oregano genus Origanum.
Origin
Southern Europe. The herb is much cultivated in Eastern and Southern
Europe and Northern Africa, but also in the US.
History:
Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient
Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples,
believing it was a source of courage. The spread of thyme throughout
Europe was thought to be due to the Romans, as they used it to purify their
[1]
rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs". In the
European Middle Ages, the herb was placed beneath pillows to aid sleep
[2]
and ward off nightmares. In this period, women also often
gave knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves, as it was
believed to bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense
and placed on coffins during funerals, as it was supposed to assure passage
into the next life. The name of the genus of fish Thymallus, first given to
the grayling (T. thymallus described in the 1758 edition of Systema
Naturae by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus) originates from the faint
smell of the herb thyme, which emanates from the flesh.

Cultivation:
Thyme is best cultivated in a hot, sunny location with well-drained soil. It
is generally planted in the spring, and thereafter grows as a perennial. It
can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or dividing rooted sections of the
[5]
plant. It tolerates drought well. The plants can take deep freezes and are
found growing wild on mountain highlands. Along theItalian Riviera, it is
found from sea level up to 800 m.
Medicinal use:
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil
Oil of thyme, the essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris),
contains 20–54% thymol. Thyme essential oil also contains a range of
additional compounds, such as p-cymene, myrcene, borneol,
and linalool. Thymol, an antiseptic, is an active ingredient in various
[8]
commercially produced mouthwashes such as Listerine. Before the
advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate
[1]
bandages. It has also been shown to be effective against
various fungi that commonly infect toenails. Thymol can also be found as
the active ingredient in some all-natural, alcohol-free hand sanitizers.
A tisane made by infusing the herb in water can be used for coughs
and bronchitis.

Thyme is used also as:
 Carminative
 Digestive
 Antimicrobial
 Antiseptic
 Antispasmodic
 Anthelminitic
 Expectorant
Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) ىروللا قرو

Plant family
Lauraceae (laurel family).
Used plant part
Leaves. Industrially, laurel oil is prepared from the fruits, which
may also be used as a spice with great success.
The Lauraceae are the laurel family, that includes the true laurel and its
closest relatives. The family comprises over 3000 species offlowering
plants in over 50 genera worldwide. They occur mainly in warm temperate
and tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia andSouth America. Many
are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but some, such as Sassafras,
are deciduous, or include both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs,
especially in tropical and temperate climates. Cassytha is a genus unique
to the Lauraceae family in that it is a genus of parasitic vines.

Origin
Probably Asia Minor. Today, the laurel tree grows all over the
Mediterranean. Turkey is one of the main exporters.
Phytochemistry:
The adaptation of Lauraceae to new environments has followed a long
evolutionary journey which has led to many specializations, including
defensive or deterrent systems against other organisms.
Phytochemicals in the Lauraceae are numerous and
diverse. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids include aporphines and

oxoaporphines, as well as derivatives of morphinans. Essential oils
include terpenoids, benzylbenzoates, allylphenols,
and propenylphenols. Lignans and neolignans are present.

Laurus nobilis is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green,
glossy leaves, native to the Mediterranean region. It is one of the plants
used for bay leaf seasoning in cooking. It is known as bay laurel, sweet
bay, bay tree (esp. United Kingdom), true laurel. Worldwide, many other
kinds of plants in diverse families are also called "bay" or "laurel",
generally due to similarity of foliage or aroma to Laurus nobilis, and the
full name is used for the California bay laurel (Umbellularia), also in the
family Lauraceae.
Characteristics:
The laurel can vary greatly in size and height, sometimes reaching 10–
18 metres (33–59 ft) tall. Laurus is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to
the Laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus includes three species, whose
diagnostic key characters often overlap (Mabberley 1997).
The laurel is dioecious (unisexual), with male and female flowers on
separate plants. Each flower is pale yellow-green, about 1 cm diameter,
and they are borne in pairs beside a leaf. The leaves are 6–12 cm long and
2–4 cm broad, with an entire(untoothed) margin. On some leaves the
[2]
margin undulates. The fruit is a small, shiny black berry-like drupe about
[2] [3]
1 cm long that contains one seed.
A recent study found considerable genetic diversity within L. nobilis, and
[4]
that L. azorica is not genetically or morphologically distinct.
Chemical constituents:
The most abundant component found in laurel essential oil is 1,8-
cineole, also called eucalyptol. The leaves contain about 1.3% essential
oils (ol. lauri folii), consisting of 45% eucalyptol.
Both essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit. The fruit is pressed and
water-extracted to obtain these products. The fruit contains up to 30% fatty
oils and about 1% essential oils (terpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols,
and ketones).
Human uses:
Food
The plant is the source of several popular herbs and one spice used in
a wide variety of recipes, particularly among Mediterranean
[2]
cuisines. Most commonly, the aromatic leaves are added whole to Italian
pasta sauces. However, even when cooked, whole bay leaves can be sharp
[5]
and abrasive enough to damage internal organs, so they are typically
removed from dishes before serving, unless used as a
[6]
simple garnish. Whole bay leaves have a long shelf life of about one
[6]
year, under normal temperature and humidity. Whole bay leaves are used
almost exclusively as flavor agents during the food preparation stage.
Ground bay leaves, however, can be ingested safely and are often used
in soups and stocks, as well as being a common addition to a Bloody
[6]
Mary. Dried laurel berries and pressed leaf oil can both be used as robust
[6]
spices, and the wood can be burnt for strong smoke flavoring.
Alternative medicine:
Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can also be used as astringents and
even as a reasonable salve for open wounds. In massage therapy, the
essential oil of bay laurel is reputed to alleviate arthritis and rheumatism,
while in aromatherapy, it is used to treat earaches and high blood
pressure. A traditional folk remedy for rashes caused by poison
ivy, poison oak, and stinging nettle is a poultice soaked in boiled bay
leaves. The chemical compound lauroside B isolated from Laurus
nobilis is an inhibitor of human melanoma (skin cancer) cell proliferation
at high concentrations in-vitro.
The laurel are mainly used in:
 Treatment of the disorders affecting digestive tract
 Tonic effect
 Stimulates general appetite
 Leaves used in cooking
 Used in manufacture of some types of soaps
 Leaves used as a natural insect repellents
 Dried leaves used in silos to protect stored beans, grains from
weevils and other grain eating insects.
Other uses:
Bay is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in regions
with Mediterranean or oceanic climates, and as a house plant or
greenhouse plant in colder regions. It is used in topiary to create single
erect stems with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also for low
[11]
hedges. Together with a gold form, L. nobilis 'Aurea', it has gained
[12]
the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Laurel oil is a main ingredient, and the distinguishing characteristic
of Aleppo soap