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Summary of ICT.......Second YearS4 I-Definition and scope of ICT Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an extensive term covering a wide range of advanced technologies for manipulating and communicating information (Turban, Leidner, McLean, &Wetherbe, 2015).This multifaceted field includes both hardware and software components, forming a complex ecosystem for processing, storing, and transferring information.At its core, Information Technology (IT) serves as the foundation of ICT, seamlessly integrating computing capabilities with high-speed communication links for data, sound, and video transmission (Laudon & Laudon, 2020).In the digital era, the significance of ICT becomes increasingly pronounced, influencing daily lives and organizational operations (Castells, 2009).The convergence of computers and communication technologies is pivotal in shaping IT, playing a central role in modern societies for efficient information processing and dissemination.The transformative power of ICT extends beyond gadgets, impacting industries, education, healthcare, and more.In practical terms, IT includes diverse devices, from personal computers to handheld devices (Williams & Sawyer, 2005).These technologies contribute to seamless information flow in our interconnected world.

Summary of ICT....... Second YearS4
I-Definition and scope of ICT
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an extensive term covering a wide range of advanced technologies for manipulating and communicating information (Turban, Leidner, McLean, &Wetherbe, 2015). This multifaceted field includes both hardware and software components, forming a complex ecosystem for processing, storing, and transferring information. At its core, Information Technology (IT) serves as the foundation of ICT, seamlessly integrating computing capabilities with high-speed communication links for data, sound, and video transmission (Laudon & Laudon, 2020). In practical terms, IT includes diverse devices, from personal computers to handheld devices (Williams & Sawyer, 2005). These technologies contribute to seamless information flow in our interconnected world. The convergence of computers and communication technologies is pivotal in shaping IT, playing a central role in modern societies for efficient information processing and dissemination. In the digital era, the significance of ICT becomes increasingly pronounced, influencing daily lives and organizational operations (Castells, 2009). The transformative power of ICT extends beyond gadgets, impacting industries, education, healthcare, and more. With ongoing advancements in hardware and software, ICT evolves, driving greater connectivity, efficiency, and innovation
I.1-Clarification of Terms The term "Information and Communication Technology"(ICT) is a composite phrase composed of three integral components, each carrying distinct meanings and functionalities. The elucidation of these terms provides a comprehensive understanding of ICT and its role in modern systems.

1. Information: In the context of ICT, information encompasses diverse data formats such as written, audio, visual, or audiovisual content that is coded, capable of storage, and transmission. This information serves as the foundation for decision-making, initiating, modifying, or halting processes (Turban, Leidner, McLean, &Wetherbe, 2015).


2. Communication: Communication within ICT involves the electronic transmission of data, often across distances. This process is facilitated through networks comprising sending and receiving equipment, wires, and satellite links. It entails the exchange and sharing of information using communication mediums like cables and satellites (Laudon & Laudon, 2020).


3. Technology:The technology component of ICT encompasses the ever-evolving range of digital tools and supports that enable individuals and organizations to communicate and share information digitally. These technologies serve as the means for processing information efficiently (Castells, 2009).

II-Historical evolution of ICT
The evolution of technology spans various historical ages, each marked by significant advancements that have shaped the way humans interact with information. Beginning with the Stone Age, where the mastery of fire marked a pivotal moment in technology, enabling food preservation and the transition from raw to cooked meals. Subsequent ages witnessed further progress, such as the Iron Age, characterized by the fabrication of essential tools and weapons like hoes, cutlasses, arrows, spears, and swords. The Middle Age brought about the development of writing, with feathers serving as primitive pens. The Industrial Age followed, introducing machinery for manufacturing and advancements in weaponry. This progression in technology laid the groundwork for the Electronic Age, a period characterized by the advent of computers and the internet.

III-Key goals of ICT

I.1-Enhancing data creation, processing, and sharing (Laudon & Laudon, 2020) Enhancing data creation, processing, and sharing involves improving the ways in which information is generated, handled, and exchanged. This goal is central to the effectiveness of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in various fields. Here's a breakdown of how this objective manifests in real-world applications:

1. 
   

   Data Creation:
   -Scientific Research: In scientific fields, advanced instruments and sensors generate large volumes of data. ICT facilitates the efficient collection and recording of this data, enabling researchers to analyze and draw insights.
   -Business Operations: Companies utilize ICT to capture data from various sources, including customer interactions, sales, and market trends. This data creation supports informed decision-making and strategic planning.

   
   


2. 
   

   Data Processing:
   -Big Data Analytics: ICT enables the processing of massive datasets through advanced analytics tools. This is valuable in uncovering patterns, trends, and correlations, providing businesses and organizations with actionable intelligence.
   -Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI): These technologies leverage robust data processing capabilities to improve their learning and decision-making processes, leading to more accurate predictions and automation.

   
   


3. 
   

   Data Sharing:
   -Collaboration Platforms:
   ICT facilitates the sharing of data in real-time across geographical locations. Cloud-based collaboration tools and platforms enable teams to collaborate seamlessly on projects, enhancing productivity.
   -Healthcare Information Systems:
   Electronic health records and interoperable systems allow healthcare professionals to share patient data securely, leading to more coordinated and efficient care.

   
   


4. 
   

   Education and Research:
   -Digital Libraries: ICT supports the creation and sharing of educational resources, enhancing the learning experience. Digital libraries and online repositories make academic information easily accessible to students and researchers.
   -Collaborative Research: Researchers collaborate globally, sharing data and findings through ICT platforms. This accelerates the pace of innovation and discovery in various scientific disciplines.

   
   


5. 
   

   Open Data Initiatives:
   -Government Transparency: Many governments implement open data initiatives, using ICT to share public datasets. This promotes transparency, accountability, and allows citizens to access and use government data for various purposes.

   
   


6. 
   

   Media and Entertainment:
   -Content Distribution Platforms: In the media industry, ICT facilitates the creation and sharing of content through platforms like streaming services, social media, and digital publishing, reaching a global audience.
   Enhancing data creation, processing,and sharing through ICT is foundational to the digital age, driving innovation, informed decision-making, and collaboration across diverse sectors.

   
   

IV-Technologies Included in ICT (Turkle, 2011):

1. 
   

   Internet-Enabled Communication Channels :
   In our rapidly advancing, interconnected world, internet-enabled communication channels form the bedrock of digital interactions. Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms empower individuals, businesses, and organizations to engage and collaborate in real-time, transcending geographical constraints. The internet acts as a conduit for the seamless exchange of information, fostering global connectivity and enhancing the efficiency of communication processes.

   
   


2. 
   

   Mobile Technologies Empowered by Wireless Networks:
   The convergence of mobile technologies and wireless networks has ushered in a transformative era in accessinginformation and communication. Smartphones, tablets, and various mobile devices harnessthe capabilities of 4G and 5G networks, providing instantaneous connectivity that allows users to make calls, send messages, and access a myriad of applications on the move. The ubiquity and portability of mobile devices have redefined how individuals interact with the digital world, placing information at their fingertips, anytime and anywhere.

   
   


3. 
   

   Comprehensive Overview of Telecommunication Technologies:

   
   

• Telephones:Evolving beyond their traditional roles, telephones have transformed into multifunctional communication devices through the integration of digital technologies. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) facilitates voice communication over the internet, contributing to the fluid exchange of information.
• Radio and Television Broadcast: Undergoing a digital metamorphosis, broadcasting technologies have elevated audio and video quality. Streaming services have emerged as influential platforms, delivering on-demand content via the internet and reshaping how we consume media.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI):Positioned at the forefront of technological innovation, AI has become a cornerstone within the ICT landscape. Spanning applications from Natural Language Processing (NLP) to machine learning and robotics, AI enhances automation, facilitates data analysis, and streamlines decision-making processes across diverse sectors, promising heightened efficiency and