لخّصلي

By the XV century to the present territory of Kyrgyzstan gradually moved Kyrgyz tribes. By the end of the century, they became the predominant population here. Mughal tribes were driven out in East Turkestan. It introduced the concept of ethno-political Kyrgyzstan - "Kyrgyz nation." In the late 15th - early 16th centuries on the territory of Kyrgyzstan completed the formation of the Kyrgyz people, which lasted about 2 thousand years. In the formation of Kyrgyz people participated two ethnic components: 1. Central asian (Turkic and Mongol Turkified tribes); 2. Local (Turkic tribes). The core of the Kyrgyz people have made the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The internal structure of the Kyrgyz people is divided into two wings: on khanat (right wing) and sol khanat (left wing) and a group of ichkilik.
For the right wing are the tribes: Bughu, Sarybagysh, Solto, Sayak, Dzhediger, Bargy, etc.;
to the left wing: Saruu, Kushchu, Munduz, Kytai, Basyz, Chon Bagis, etc.;
to the group of ichkilik: Kipchak, Teyit, Kesek, Naiman, Tөөlөs and others.
2. In the XVI-XVIII centuries Kyrgyz tribes occupied a larger area than the present-day territory of Kyrgyzstan (for eg: East Turkestan, territory of present Uzbekistan). The Kyrgyz were nomads, engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. Kyrgyz social structure was patriarchal clan. Each tribe occupied a certain territory. There was not one state of Kyrgyz.
At the beginning of the XVI century Mohammed Kyrgyz united northern Kyrgyz tribes and in 1508 was proclaimed Khan. He was called the Kyrgyz "Padishah". He led a successful war with the Moghul khans and nomadic Uzbeks. In 1533 he died not being able to combine all the Kyrgyz tribes into one state.
In the XVII century there was a new threat for the Kyrgyz people from East. In 1635 there was formed Dzhungar Khanate – the state of Western |Mongal tribes in western Mongolia. It lasted until 1758. Dzungars called Kyrgyz like Burut and Kyrgyz called them Kalmyks. Dzungaria launched aggressive wars against the Kyrgyz. In 1684 Kalmyks seized Osh and ransacked it. The war of Kalmyks with the Kyrgyz was more than 100 years. In this hard struggle Kyrgyz people maintain their independence. In 1750 Kyrgyz lands were completely exempt from Kalmaks invaders. Then Kyrgyz fought wars outside Kyrgyzstan. And in 1758 Dzhungar Khanate was liquidated by Qing China. Jungar period for the Kyrgyz people was the most difficult. Many Kyrgyz national epics devoted to this period - the fight against the Kyrgyz people with kalmaks invaders. Such folk epics, like the epic "Manas", "Kurmanbek", "Er Tabyldy", "Janish-Baiysh", "Mirza Janyl" and others reflect the events of that era.
3.In 1709 in the Ferghana Valley, there was a new state - the Kokand Khanate. The founder of the Khanate of Kokand was Shahrukh biy from Uzbek dynasty ming. Until the 60s of the 18th century Kokand rulers were on friendly terms with Kyrgyz clan rulers because they were weak and needed the support of strong Kyrgyz rulers. These rulers were Kyrgyz Akbata biyi - ruler of Khujand, Kubat Bii - ruler of Ferghana, Azhy biy - ruler of Alai Kyrgyz. The first rulers of Kokand as Kyrgyz clan rulers bore the title bii. The first of Kokand rulers took the title of Khan - Alim Khan (1800-1810). When Kokand rulers strengthened their position, they began forcibly grab Kyrgyz lands. By 1831, all Kyrgyz lands became part of the Kokand Khanate. Nomadic pastoralists paid the tax to Khan - zeket and sedentary population - kharaj.
     In the political life of the Kokand Khanate Kyrgyz clan rulers played an important role. For example, the ruler of the Alai Kyrgyz Alymbek Datka served as vizier in the Khanate, i.e. was the second person in the Khanate. Kyrgyz Nuzup biy was Minbashi – the chief. And the last Khan of Kokand was Ishaq Khan Asan uulu, Polot Khan of the Kyrgyz tribe Boston. In 1873-1876 there was a major revolt led against Khan which was ruled by Polot Khan. This rebellion in history known as the "rebellion of Polot Khan." As a result of this rebellion was to overthrow Kudayar Khan and the Kyrgyz rebels proclaimed Ishaq Khan Polot Asan uulu as Khan. But the uprising was crushed by Russian colonizers, who captured Kokand in 1876. Polot Khan - the last Khan of Kokand was captured and hanged. Kokand khanate was liquidated in 19th February in 1876 by order of the Governor-General of Turkestan - von Kaufman. Thus Southern Kyrgyzstan was annexed to Russia by force of arms. Osh city became a district center of the Russian Empire. In Kokand khanate in the Khan palace served also Kyrgyz historians, such as Ziyabidin Maxym. He wrote the book "The History of Fergana khans." He is the first written historian of the Kyrgyz people.