لخّصلي

Study material

The most important characteristic of the Eastern worldview, one could almost say the essence of it, is the awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestations of a basic oneness.Its modem peculiarity is the combination with religions of different faiths.The idea of India's missionary role in the distribution of "spirituality" all over the world is actively exaggerated. Indian philosophy is closely connected with medicine. Its main work, "Ayurveda," exposes the connection of medicine with philosophy.The third truth advocates that overcoming the cause of sufferings means refusal, elimination of thirst.Such a way assumes conscious refusal from life, its enjoyments, transition to ascesa, self-flagellation.Thus, pluralism and a variety of philosophical trends are typical of ancient Indian philosophy.The ethical principles became: non-infliction or harm to animals, denial of wealth, and sexual relations.Idealistic essence is common to them.

Study material

The most important characteristic of the Eastern worldview, one could almost say the essence of it, is the awareness of the unity and mutual interrelation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestations of a basic oneness. All things are seen as interdependent and inseparable parts of this cosmic whole; as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality.

Class formation in ancient India took place earlier; it is reflected in the ancient books - the "Veda." The social class differentiation was typical of Indian culture, in which four layers of socialites (castes) were distinguished: Brahmans (priests and monks), Kshatris (chieftains and warriors), Vanishes (farmers and craftsmen), and Shudris (direct producers and other populations).

The philosophical understanding of the world is stated in the Upanishads (one of the Vedic books) for the first time. In it, it is necessary to distinguish two conditions:

• In the first one: the world's fundamental principle is Brahma, an impersonal being, something which is identical with each individual's spiritual essence, Atman. In that way, a human being's inseparable unity with space was affirmed.

In the second one: there is a constant flow of life (Sansara) in the world, and it is submitted to the requital law of Karma. Human beings' life is a series of transformations and transitions based on the casual explanation of future births from the past. The ethical requirement is formulated on the following basis: not to perpetrate bad deeds

• The third one: The main world outlook problem is announced as the perception problem, which consists of identity perception, the unity of Atman and Brahma that is the human being's consciousness and the world. Dualism in philosophy was fomied in this way, which considered material the ideal substance to be equal within the limits of the single world.

Jainism is one of the most ancient philosophical schools, and its most important problem is the problem of a human being's personality. Its starting positions are as follows:

1. 
   

   The personality's duality is nature recognition (material and spiritual);

   
   


2. 
   

   Their connection with the help of Karma results in the rise of an individual;

   
   


3. 
   

   There is a struggle between good and evil Karma within each individual;

   
   


4. 
   

   The personality is able to get rid of evil Karma and then of Sansara.

   
   

This means that a human being with the help of his spirituality is able to control and manage his

Inner body. Jainism ethics is founded on this principle, which declares "three values": (i) correct understanding, based on correct belief; (ii) correct perception; and (iii) correct life. Correct life was added up to ascesa (self-restriction) or personal rescue. The ethical principles became: non-infliction or harm to animals, denial of wealth, and sexual relations. In modern India, Jainism remained in the form of religious trends and as separate elements of national culture.

Buddhism founded by Gautama (4th century B.C.), it is rested on the teaching of the four noble truths. The first truth declares that human beings' existence is suffering. The second truth states that the cause of sufferings is thirst, which leads man to new birth. The third truth advocates that overcoming the cause of sufferings means refusal, elimination of thirst. And the fourth truth

Points to the way of such elimination (refusal). Its contents consist of: correct judgment, correct decision, correct speech, and correct way of life, correct striving, correct attention, and correct concentration. Such a way assumes conscious refusal from life, its enjoyments, transition to ascesa, self-flagellation. In other words, human beings' sense of life is detennined as the way of

self-perfection up to the very death.

Thus, pluralism and a variety of philosophical trends are typical of ancient Indian philosophy. Idealistic essence is common to them. Such a description is, mainly, inherent in modem philosophy in India. Its modem peculiarity is the combination with religions of different faiths. The idea of India's missionary role in the distribution of "spirituality" all over the world is actively exaggerated. Indian philosophy is closely connected with medicine. Its main work, "Ayurveda," exposes the connection of medicine with philosophy.