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Global health is multifaceted, influenced by genetics, healthcare access, preventive medicine availability, natural disasters, socioeconomic status, and the environment. Despite these external factors, individuals significantly control their health through actions like increased physical activity and healthy eating, offering immediate benefits (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020a). While health choices remain personal, supporting individuals in adopting and maintaining healthy habits is crucial for fitness professionals. Preventive efforts, particularly exercise, are globally underutilized, presenting a significant opportunity for positive impact. The World Health Organization (WHO, 1948) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being," not merely disease absence. Health is dynamic, requiring constant internal and external adjustments to maintain homeostasis—the body's equilibrium amidst environmental and functional demands (Misselbrook, 2014). The human body's adaptive capacity is central to this ongoing process of maintaining optimal health and physiological function.

The Global State of Health
The current global state of health is a complex subject with many moving pieces,
including factors that are often beyond the control of the individual, such as
genetics, access to health care, access to preventive medicine, natural disasters,
socioeconomic status, and the built (i.e., human-made) environment. Despite the
many challenges of achieving good health, individuals do have a signi cant amount
of control over their health and well-being. For example, becoming more physically
active and eating healthy foods are two simple steps within almost any person’s
grasp that have immediate bene ts toward improving overall health (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2020a).
Whether or not individuals choose to engage in healthy habits is still a personal
decision. However, helping individuals start and motivating clients to succeed are
two of the most valuable and rewarding aspects of being a tness professional.
Preventive e orts, including exercise and physical activity, to reduce morbidity and
mortality are underutilized around the world by virtually every segment of the
population. Fitness professionals have a tremendous opportunity to make a positive
impact in this area.
Defining Health and Disease
The World Health Organization (WHO) functions as the international public health
agency of the United Nations and is focused on the development and promotion of
international public health and well-being e orts. The WHO can be thought of as the
world’s public health department. The WHO (1948) de nes health as “a state of
complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or in rmity.”
Health is not a static condition, but rather an ever-changing condition due to the
human body’s continual need to adjust internal and external situations, changes in
physiology, or changing environments (Figure 1-3) (Misselbrook, 2014). The human
body is uniquely designed to respond to stress and, if necessary, make necessary
changes to maintain optimal health and physiological functioning. This process is
called homeostasis, in which the human body continually strives to maintain a
relatively stable equilibrium in relation to the surrounding environment and the
regular tasks it is required to perform