لخّصلي

Density-independent and density-dependent factors are extrinsic to the organism.Outside of any regulating factors, it could be that some populations have an innate instability.Intrinsic factors--those based on the anatomy, physiology, or behavior of the organism--can also affect population size and growth rates.Recruitment and migration are other intrinsic social means by which the population sizes of more complex organisms are regulated.Territoriality and dominance hierarchies are behaviors that affect population size and growth rates.Ecologists have developed models that predict complex, erratic changes in even simple systems.For example, a computer model of Dungeness crab populations assumed that adults produce many larvae and then die.

Density-independent and density-dependent factors are extrinsic
to the organism. Intrinsic factors—those based on the anatomy,
physiology, or behavior of the organism—can also affect population size and growth rates. Territoriality and dominance hierarchies
are behaviors that affect population size and growth rates. Recruitment and migration are other intrinsic social means by which the
population sizes of more complex organisms are regulated.
Outside of any regulating factors, it could be that some populations have an innate instability. Ecologists have developed models that predict complex, erratic changes in even simple systems.
For example, a computer model of Dungeness crab populations
assumed that adults produce many larvae and then die. Most of
the larvae do not survive, and those that do stay close to home.
Under these circumstances, the model predicted wild fluctuations in population size without a recurring pattern. This type of
complex, nonrandom generation is called deterministic chaos, or
simply chaos.
Population growth–regulating factors can serve as selective
agents. Some members of a population may possess traits that
make it more likely that they, rather than other members of the
population, will survive and reproduce when these particular
density-independent or density-dependent factors are present in
the environment. Therefore, these traits will be more prevalent in
the next generation whenever these factors are a part of the environment