لخّصلي

Sovereignty: Jean Bodin defined sovereignty as: o Supreme authority within the territory.Over time, especially with the growth of international cooperation and the necessity for security and peace, the concept of relative or limited sovereignty emerged, where states are bound by international rules that they help establish.o External Aspect: Refers to the state's right to engage in international relations, including entering into treaties, joining international organizations, recognizing or not recognizing other states, and generally managing its external affairs independently.Dr. Al- Anani defined sovereignty as: o The state's supreme authority over its territory and citizens, its independence from any foreign authority, and its full freedom in organizing its legislative, administrative, and judicial powers.This was affirmed by the International Court of Justice in its ruling in the Corfu Channel case in 1898, stating that respect for territorial sovereignty among independent states is a fundamental principle of international relations.o The political aggregation and powers of the governing body over all aspects of authority, both domestically and internationally, with no power above it. In other words, the state's ability to determine what it wants both internally and externally.o Indivisibility of Sovereignty: This means that there cannot be more than one sovereignty within the state; the division of sovereignty would nullify it. While the exercise of authority may be distributed among various governmental bodies, sovereignty remains unified.Aspects of Sovereignty: o Internal Aspect: Refers to the state's control over individuals and territory, known as territorial and personal sovereignty.Legal Effects of Sovereignty: 1.2.

Sovereignty:
Jean Bodin defined sovereignty as:
• Supreme authority within the territory.
• Absolute independence from any external power.
• An essential element of the state, which disappears with the state’s dissolution.
• The main factor distinguishing the state from other entities.
• The political aggregation and powers of the governing body over all aspects of authority, both domestically and internationally, with no power above it. In other words, the state’s ability to determine what it wants both internally and externally.
Dr. Al- Anani defined sovereignty as:
• The state's supreme authority over its territory and citizens, its independence from any foreign authority, and its full freedom in organizing its legislative, administrative, and judicial powers. It also includes complete freedom in establishing international relations on the basis of equality with other states.
Characteristics of Sovereignty:
• Sovereignty is an exclusive and absolute mandate of the state over its territory. This was affirmed by the International Court of Justice in its ruling in the Corfu Channel case in 1898, stating that respect for territorial sovereignty among independent states is a fundamental principle of international relations.
• Indivisibility of Sovereignty: This means that there cannot be more than one sovereignty within the state; the division of sovereignty would nullify it. While the exercise of authority may be distributed among various governmental bodies, sovereignty remains unified.
• Inalienability of Sovereignty: Sovereignty cannot be ceded, as a state that gives up its sovereignty loses one of its essential components, thereby terminating its international legal personality. This does not mean, however, that the state is not bound by international treaties, where it may agree to perform or refrain from certain acts unless such treaties limit its sovereignty.
Aspects of Sovereignty:
• Internal Aspect: Refers to the state's control over individuals and territory, known as territorial and personal sovereignty.
• External Aspect: Refers to the state's right to engage in international relations, including entering into treaties, joining international organizations, recognizing or not recognizing other states, and generally managing its external affairs independently.
The Nature of Sovereignty:
The concept of sovereignty has evolved over time. In the 11th century, sovereignty was understood as absolute, meaning the state had complete freedom in managing its internal and external affairs without restrictions. Over time, especially with the growth of international cooperation and the necessity for security and peace, the concept of relative or limited sovereignty emerged, where states are bound by international rules that they help establish. Today, sovereignty is restricted by the demands of international cooperation and the requirements for maintaining international peace and security. As the international community has become more interconnected, absolute sovereignty has diminished, with a greater emphasis on the common good.
Legal Effects of Sovereignty:

1. Full International Legal Personality: This is one of the primary characteristics that distinguish the state. Unlike international organizations, which enjoy a limited form of international legal personality, states possess full international legal personality, meaning they enjoy all rights and responsibilities recognized by international law.


2. Independence in International Relations: Sovereignty grants states the freedom to conduct their internal and external affairs without interference from other states.