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Electric Fields Near Conductors Recall that many of the electrons in a conductor are free to move.As a result, charges in the clouds spark to the rod, rather than to another point on the building.Lightning rods If an electric field is strong enough, when the particles hit other molecules they will produce a stream of ions and electrons that form a plasma, which is a conductor.This field can become so strong that when electrons are knocked off of atoms, the electrons and resulting ions are accelerated by the field, causing them to strike other atoms, resulting in more ionization of atoms.Recall that potential difference is equal to the product of the electric field and distance, or AV = Ed. Because the potential difference between any two points inside the container is zero, the equation implies that the field is zero everywhere inside a closed, charged metal container.A car is a closed metal box that protects passengers from electric fields generated by lightning.Irregular surfaces The electric field at the surface does depend on the shape of the conductor, as well as on the electric potential difference between it and other objects.In order to protect buildings from lightning, builders install lightning rods.The excess charges move to the outer surface of the conductor.This chain reaction produces the pink glow seen inside a gas discharge sphere.Consider the charges on the conducting sphere in Figure 28.Because these electrons have like charges, they repel each other.It does not matter if the conducting sphere is solid or hollow.Closed metal containers What happens if a closed metal container, such as a box, is charged?You can use a voltmeter to measure the electric potential difference between any two points inside the container.What are the consequences of this measurement for the electric field inside of the closed, metal container?The field is always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.This makes the surface an equipotential; the potential difference between any two locations on the surface is zero.Free charges are closer together at the sharp points of a conductor, as indicated in Figure 28.The result is a spark or, in extreme cases, lightning.

Electric Fields Near Conductors
Recall that many of the electrons in a conductor are free to move. Consider the charges on the conducting sphere in Figure 28. Because these electrons have like charges, they repel each other. They spread far apart in a way that minimizes their potential energy. The result is these charges come to rest on the surface of the conductor. It does not matter if the conducting sphere is solid or hollow. The excess charges move to the outer surface of the conductor.
Closed metal containers What happens if a closed metal container, such as a box, is charged? You can use a voltmeter to measure the electric potential difference between any two points inside the container. You will find that this potential difference is zero no matter which two points you choose inside the container. What are the consequences of this measurement for the electric field inside of the closed, metal container?
Recall that potential difference is equal to the product of the electric field and
distance, or AV = Ed. Because the potential difference between any two
points inside the container is zero, the equation implies that the field is zero everywhere inside a closed, charged metal container.
Cars are a good example of this scenario. A car is a closed metal box that protects passengers from electric fields generated by lightning. On the outside of the conductor, the electric field often is not zero. The field is always perpendicular to the surface of the conductor. This makes the surface an equipotential; the potential difference between any two locations on the surface is zero.
Irregular surfaces The electric field at the surface does depend on the shape of the conductor, as well as on the electric potential difference between it and other objects. Free charges are closer together at the sharp points of a conductor, as indicated in Figure 28. Therefore, the field lines are closer together, and the field is stronger. This field can become so strong that when electrons are knocked off of atoms, the electrons and resulting ions are accelerated by the field, causing them to strike other atoms, resulting in more ionization of atoms. This chain reaction produces the pink glow seen inside a gas discharge sphere.
Lightning rods If an electric field is strong enough, when the particles hit other molecules they will produce a stream of ions and electrons that form a plasma, which is a conductor. The result is a spark or, in extreme cases, lightning. In order to protect buildings from lightning, builders install lightning rods. The electric field is strong near the pointed end of a lightning rod. As a result, charges in the clouds spark to the rod, rather than to another point on the building. From the rod, a conductor takes the charges to the ground. A lightning rod safely diverts lightning into the ground and away from the building.