لخّصلي

Topics 20ty century architecture (modernism) o Pioneers first generation o Frank Lloyd Wright o Le Corbusier o Mies Van Der Rohe o Walter Gropius Second generation Third generation o Archigram group o Post modernism 60th o High - Tech o Post Modernism o Deconstruction o Metabolism Research Topics o Smart architecture o Active envelopes o Dynamic - kinetic , Architecture o Bioclimatic Architecture o Biomimatec Architecture o Nano Architecture o Liquid - fluid ,Architecture o Biophilic Architecture o Artificial Intelligent o Net-Zero Energy o Parametric Architecture o Biomat Architecture ??????Notre Dame du Raincy 1922 Villa Kaufmann (Waterfalls) by Frank Lloyd Wright 1936 Exhibition Building, Turin, by Pier Luigi Nervi, at Turin, Italy, 1948 to 1949In the beginning of 19th century, many researches were done to know to what extend can the R.C. can bear the tension (firefighting - large spans - cantilevers - open plans - corner openings - shells and creative forms - slim buildings). Reinforced concrete ? In1879, Ward - mechanical engineering- was the first one to use the R.C. to construct a complete building 'walls - beams - slabs' in his house in Philadelphia. ? Portland concrete invention added strength to the R.C. ? Official recognition of reinforced concrete in 1906. August Perret ?????? 1902 ????? ????? ????? ?? ? The French engineering Francois Hennebique was the pioneer to spread the R.C. when he constructed his company in Paris which consists of 5 floors (thin walls - saved areas - heights - flexibility - interior light walls which can be modified).Shells were early used by 5-7cm thickness to construct a ceiling in a form of barrel vaults in some storages in Casablanca (1916), then in le Raincy Notre Dame church in Paris (1922) in a vertical design composition - precast unites .Art Nouveaux- Anto Nio Gaudi Architects divided at the end of the 19th century The constructions seized the opportunity of the controversy between the architects and constructed many industrial buildings and facilities with reinforced concrete, iron and glass.On the other side of the Atlantic, the Civil War in America was happened, which was an English colony for the exile of criminals, and North America was unified with the South, and became the richest capitalist in history, but rooted in a civilizational knot towards Europe with civilization and culture, which was held in the 19th century with the origins Classical architecture, and became the hope for the rich American to had houses, palaces and public buildings similar to the classics of Europe and this was done even in the first skyscrapers .Then The Chicago school group, which calls for a purely American architecture away from the European platform, the group was headed by the Adler & Sullivan and also Burnham & Root, and they successfully developed the design of high-steel buildings instead of thick walls - agility - Glass wide windows - almost devoid of decorations.Adolf Loos: Chicago Tribune competition entry, 1922 Reinforced concrete ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Topics
20ty century architecture
(modernism)
• Pioneers
first generation
• Frank Lloyd Wright
• Le Corbusier
• Mies Van Der Rohe
• Walter Gropius
Second generation
Third generation
• Archigram group
• Post modernism 60th
• High – Tech
• Post Modernism
• Deconstruction
• Metabolism
Research Topics
• Smart architecture
• Active envelopes
• Dynamic – kinetic , Architecture
• Bioclimatic Architecture
• Biomimatec Architecture
• Nano Architecture
• Liquid – fluid ,Architecture
• Biophilic Architecture
• Artificial Intelligent
• Net-Zero Energy
• Parametric Architecture
• Biomat Architecture
ةيكذلا ةرامعلا
ةطشنلا ةفلغلأا ةرامع
ةكرحتملا ةرامعلا
ةيخانملا ةرامعلا
ةيجوليبلا ةاكاحملا ةرامع
ونانلا ةرامع
ةلئاسلا ةرامعلا
ةعيبطلل ةبحملا ةرامعلا
ىعانطصلإا ءاكذلا
ةقاطلا ةيرفص ةرامعلا
ةيرتمارابلا ةرامعلا
ةرامع
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تامويبلا
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 Historical background
 Architecture is a true and direct reflection of humanity and the registration of
Civilizations, an open book that accurately records the state of the people –
their beliefs – their habits – their character – their standard of living – their
defeats – their victories – their history.
 Some forms of architecture have moved from age to another and from
invasions).
country to another (Greek architecture - Romanian) (War civilization
 The Pharaonic architecture remained confined to its borders in Thebes
because it stems from the religious beliefs associated with the Pharaonic
gods, which take purity as its concept, and prevent any mixing with other
peoples or any other civilization so, confined in Egypt only .
Global events contributed to the
formation of 20th century architecture
 Industrial Revolution 1769 in England - cast iron - the era of the steam
machine .
 The French Revolution 1789 .
 World War I 1914 -1918 .
 The Second World War 1939 – 1945 .
 Amazing scientific progress and communication revolution .
The French Revolution 1789
Before the Revolution:
 Despotic, Royal feudal societies .
 Kings – Emperors .
 The clergy - holiness of the rulers - the divine .
 Desperate people – Slaves – Masters .
monuments .
 Classical rich architecture .
 Writers, artists and architects in the service of the ruling and aristocratic class.
 Luxury palaces - castles - churches - cathedrals - triumphal arches
 The rest of the people depend on themselves to build their homes .
Examples

After the French Revolution 1789
 Demanding freedom, justice and equality (a revolution for whites only).
 The contagion of freedom has moved to many neighboring countries and
peoples.
 Political, social and economic forms of life have changed.
 Two main factors that helped the French Revolution to effect:




1. Industrial Revolution
   Spain......


2. Colonial movements – England – France – Portugal – Belgium -
   
   Changing the final product shape
    The conquest of colonial people.
    The looting of revolutions.
    Planting Food for the colonizer.
    Work in mines to provide energy sources and raw materials for the European
   industry.
    Looting of historical and archaeological revolutions.
   That leed to
    Raise the standard of living in Europe- financially- culturally and socially.
    It would be a capitalist class- middle class
   professionals– intellectuals.
    Migration from the countryside to urban areas in
   search of better living conditions.
    An urgent need for fast housing to face
   immigration and rapid development, which is not
   suitable for classical architecture with many
   delicate decorations, and a new architecture
   must be found free of decorations and
   complications.
   The opportunity is open to architects and
   planners:
    Fast economyhousing.
    Buildings with new uses and functions.
    Workshops.
    Airports.
    Factories.
    Manufacturing weapons to conquer the world.
    Ship industry.
    Warehouses – Stores – markets.
    Railway stations.
    Commercial Buildings – Exhibitions.
    Schools – Institutes.
    Hospitals.
    Administrative buildings.
    Sports and recreational buildings.
   Architects divided at the end of the 19th century
    Fine Arts school in Paris:
   Avoided industrial buildings designs.
   Preferred to use the natural materials instead of the R.C. 'stones – granite – wood‘.
    Neoclassical:
   Simplified the details of classical architecture to create w new architectural style .
    Eclectic:
   simplify the eldest styles and merge it with the new imposed one, to make a new design
   combination.
   Eclectic
   Neoclassical
   Fine Arts
   Architects divided at the end of the 19th century
    Art Nouveaux 'last 30 years':
   Inspiration from nature "flowers – shells – plants“.
   Plastic artists and furniture makers were the pioneers of this style, then came the
   architects, produce strange building forms.
   Famous architects: Antonio Gaudi in Barcelona.
   Victor Horta in Brussel
   Charles Mackintosh in England
    Fifth group : was convinced that the previous trends are fake, they decided to exert
   their efforts to create the compatible buildings with their era, which provided them
   materials and construction potentials that didn’t exist before.
   Art Nouveaux- Anto Nio Gaudi
   Architects divided at the end of the 19th century
   The constructions seized the opportunity of the controversy between the
   architects and constructed many industrial buildings and facilities with
   reinforced concrete, iron and glass.

Dutert & Cottancin
410
×
110
m
Flatiron Building
, at New
York, New York, 1902
Daniel Burnham
steel frame
 The architects are aware of these remarkable achievements –
lightness – agility – modernity – expressive by the construction
methods and materials – without decorations and ornaments........
They have to regain their positions, which is about to be lost .
 In America, California – a progressive movement led by the Charles &
Henry Green Brothers presented many beautiful houses with stone
and wood without any classic features .
 In Chicago in the same direction Henry Hobson Richardson.
 Then The Chicago school group, which calls for a purely American
architecture away from the European platform, the group was
headed by the Adler & Sullivan and also Burnham & Root, and they
successfully developed the design of high-steel buildings instead of
thick walls – agility - Glass wide windows – almost devoid of
decorations.

Adler & Sullivan
American Civil war 1861:1865
 On the other side of the Atlantic, the Civil War in America was
happened, which was an English colony for the exile of
criminals, and North America was unified with the South, and
became the richest capitalist in history, but rooted in a
civilizational knot towards Europe with civilization and culture,
which was held in the 19th century with the origins Classical
architecture, and became the hope for the rich American to
had houses, palaces and public buildings similar to the
classics of Europe and this was done even in the first
skyscrapers .
American architecture quotes from
European architecture.
 It became the hope for the rich American to had houses,
palaces and public buildings similar to the classics of Europe
and this was done even in the first skyscrapers in Chicago.
Adolf Loos: Chicago
Tribune competition entry, 1922
Reinforced concrete
 Romans used the ordinary
concrete which consists of
sand, stone or gravel , clay and
lime to create building using
arches and domes - bridges –
Roman aqua ducts.
 In the beginning of 19th century,
many researches were done to
know to what extend can the
R.C. can bear the tension
(firefighting – large spans –
cantilevers – open plans –
corner openings – shells and
creative forms – slim buildings).
Reinforced concrete
 In1879, Ward - mechanical engineering- was the first one to
use the R.C. to construct a complete building 'walls – beams –
slabs' in his house in Philadelphia.
 Portland concrete invention added strength to the R.C.
 Official recognition of reinforced concrete in 1906.
August Perret
اهماقأ
1902
ةينكس ةرامع
سيراب ىف
 The French engineering Francois Hennebique was the
pioneer to spread the R.C. when he constructed his
company in Paris which consists of 5 floors (thin walls –
saved areas – heights – flexibility – interior light walls
which can be modified).
 R.C. spread in other buildings as theatres – stadiums –
free cantilevers.
 Then August Perre designed a parking – cars
showroom with a large glass span.
 Shells were early used by 5-7cm thickness to construct
a ceiling in a form of barrel vaults in some storages in
Casablanca (1916), then in le Raincy Notre Dame
church in Paris (1922) in a vertical design composition – precast unites .
Notre Dame du Raincy 1922
Villa Kaufmann (Waterfalls)
by Frank Lloyd Wright
1936
Exhibition Building, Turin, by Pier Luigi
Nervi, at Turin, Italy, 1948 to 1949