لخّصلي

Radiation effects are categorized as acute and chronic. Acute effects on the skin include initial redness (week 1), hair loss (10-14 days), severe redness and swelling (week 2), dryness and peeling (weeks 3-4), and potentially radiation burns. Chronic effects involve skin discoloration, atrophy, thickening, ulceration, and potential cancerous transformation. Radiation also affects sweat and sebaceous glands, causing atrophy and reduced skin strength. Nails become rough and brittle. Treatment involves preventative measures (avoiding irritants) and curative treatments (lotions, gauze, antibiotics, or grafting for severe burns and ulcers). Mucous membranes experience acute effects like dryness, pain, and difficulty swallowing or urinating, with chronic effects including fibrosis, narrowing of channels, and potential cancerous ulcers. Radiation's impact on blood and bone marrow includes cessation of cell division, altered blood cell counts, and marrow atrophy at lethal doses (4500 rad).

The effect of radiation divided to:
Acute effect: -
a) Temporal redness of the skin occurs during the first week and is the
result of congestion of the blood vessels and the exit of histamine of
the skin.
b) partial hair loss and occur in the range ranging from 10 to14 days
since the start of exposure and to scalp hair is more affected by
radiation as it falls faster, followed by eyebrows hair followed by
axillary hair followed by pubic hair
c) Permanent redness of the skin and be in the end of the second week
of exposure where the skin is severe red, hot, swollen and irritated
gives a sense of desire to itch.
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Radiobiology
d) After sever redness occurs the skin become dry and the basal skin
cell activated.
e) Dry peeling occurs at the end of the third week of exposure where
the surface cells of the skin fall
f) Wet peeling occurs at the end of the fourth week of exposure, where
bubbles filled with serous fluid collect under the skin layer together
and then explode.
g) Radiation burn is caused by exposure to a high radiation dose where
the skin color is dark red and consists of deep bubbles permeate the
entire skin layer.
Chronic effect: -
1-A change in the color of the skin where the skin color varies from
light brown to dark brown and often is on the form of dark spots
surrounded by white patches which is free of melanin.
2-Atrophy of the skin occurs as a result of the exposures that are
healed and then the decomposing wet crust and the formation of
new cells completely different from the original cells.
3-Increase the thickness of the skin as a result of the formation of
tissue tents gives the shape of the scar.
4-chronic ulceration: The atrophied skin may be end by chronic
ulceration with a minor wound or itching.
5-vasodilatation of peripheral blood vessels due to the occurrence of
narrowing of arteries passing through the skin
6-The cancerous transformation of the skin due to lack or delay in the
treatment of ulcers resulting from skin exposure.
7

The
effect of radiation on the
sweet
glands:
Atrophy and stop working during the first week of exposure and
often there is a permanent interruption of the gland function when
exposed to 400-500 rad
8- The effect of radiation on the sebaceous glands:
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Radiobiology
Often occurs as a result of exposure to the dose of 3000 rad and the
skin loss its strength due to its impact
9 - The effect of radiation on the nail
Be rough and shiny and have long and superficial cracks , become
thinness and lose its vitality.
Radiation treatment system: -
Preventive treatment:
Prevent the person exposed to the changes that may occur as a result
of exposure to radiation and its follow-up in terms of:
1- Do not expose the exposed parts of radiation to water and soap.
2- Do not use ointments irritating to the skin.
3 - Avoid contact with sharp objects such as sharp shaving tools or
clothing.
4- Do not scratch the area exposed severely.
Curative treatment:
1- Treatment of skin redness dry peeling using the 2% concentration
of gentian lotion
2- Treatment of wet peeling ... If the region exposed to radiation is
small leaves it where the crust is formed after a period of time. If
the area is large we use Vaseline gauze with topical antibiotic.
3-Treatment of radiation burning: It is like wet peeling but for a
longer period.

4- Treatment of radiation ulcers ... If it is small we use Vaseline gauze
with antibiotic. And if a large, surgical intervention is done by a
grafting of the skin.
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Radiobiology
Effect of radiation on mucous membranes:

• Acute effect:
  1-The effect of radiation on the mouth leads to dry mouth and loss of
  taste.
  2 - The effect of radiation on the pharynx leads to dry throat and
  difficulty swallowing and loudness in the sound.
  3 - The effect of radiation on the stomach and intestines leads to
  cramps and acute abdominal pain and severe diarrhea.
  4 - The effect of radiation on the anus leads to severe pain in the
  defecation with dysentery.
  5 - The effect of radiation on the bladder leads to Difficulty in
  urination and pain during urination.
  Chronic effect: -
  1-Fibrosis from chronic ulceration resulting from radiation exposure
  ends with narrowing of the affected channels.
  2 - Occurrence of narrowing and blockage of channels such as
  blockage of the tear duct.

3. Chronic ulcers may turn into cancerous ulcers
   Effect of radiation on the blood
   &
   comp
   onent and tissue produced blood
   First, the effect of radiation on the tissues produced blood
   Bone marrow:
   1- When the whole body exposed to radiation of a dose of 4500 rad
   (called the lethal dose) the following changes within half an hour
   of exposure can occur:
    Stop the division of bone marrow cells.
    Increase the number of mature red blood cells and decrease the
   number of immature cell
    Clear increase in the atrophied red blood cells in the bone marrow
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   Radiobiology
    Mild Decrease in the number of the granular cells
    Mega-karyocyte cells disappear within two days of exposure
    The bone marrow becomes filled with a gelatinous substrate that
   replace the cells which have been destroyed