لخّصلي

Introduction

The maxillary premolars, also known as upper bicuspids, occupy a critical position in the dental arch between the canines and molars, serving both transitional and multifunctional roles in mastication.This comprehensive review aims to synthesize current understanding of the anatomical variations of upper premolars, emphasizing evidence-based findings and their practical applications in clinical dentistry.The first maxillary premolar typically features a prominent buccal cusp that assists the canine in tearing functions, while the second maxillary premolar generally has more blunt cusps, functioning more like molars in grinding actions .These teeth demonstrate remarkable anatomical diversity, presenting significant challenges for dental practitioners in various specialties including endodontics, periodontics, and restorative dentistry.This functional differentiation is reflected in their distinct anatomical configurations.

Introduction

The maxillary premolars, also known as upper bicuspids, occupy a critical position in the dental arch between the canines and molars, serving both transitional and multifunctional roles in mastication. These teeth demonstrate remarkable anatomical diversity, presenting significant challenges for dental practitioners in various specialties including endodontics, periodontics, and restorative dentistry. The permanent maxillary premolars are designated by the Universal Numbering System as teeth numbers 4 and 13 (first premolars) and 5 and 12 (second premolars), positioned in all four quadrants of the dentition

. Understanding the complex anatomical variations of these teeth is not merely an academic exercise but a clinical necessity, as overlooked anatomical complexities remain a leading cause of endodontic failure and compromised dental treatments.

The maxillary premolars are developed from four lobes, similar to anterior teeth, with the significant distinction of having a well-formed lingual cusp that replaces the cingulum development found on incisors and canines
. The first maxillary premolar typically features a prominent buccal cusp that assists the canine in tearing functions, while the second maxillary premolar generally has more blunt cusps, functioning more like molars in grinding actions . This functional differentiation is reflected in their distinct anatomical configurations. The extensive morphological variations in these teeth, particularly in root anatomy and root canal systems, have been documented across different populations, with significant implications for treatment planning and clinical outcomes . This comprehensive review aims to synthesize current understanding of the anatomical variations of upper premolars, emphasizing evidence-based findings and their practical applications in clinical dentistry.