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TOURISM: MEANING AND DEFINITION
It is difficult to define tourism exactly. For some, tourism is an
industry; for some, it is an activity. If an industry is defined as a
collection of a number of firms that produce similar goods and
services in competition with each other, then tourism cannot be
conceived as an industry, because tourism offers complementary
services.
Tourism is not an industry; it would be better to call it an
activity. It is an activity that takes place when people move to
another place for leisure or for business and stay there for at
least 24 hours. Tourism and travel are not synonyms. All
tourism involves travel but not all travel is tourism. All tourism
occurs during leisure time but not all leisure is given to tourist
pursuits. Tourism means the business of providing information,
transportation, accommodation and other services to travellers.
The travel and tourism industry is made up of companies that
provide services to all types of travellers, whether travelling for
business or pleasure. Tourism moves people from one region of
the world to another.
Concept of Tourism and Industrial Background is unique. It
involves an industry without smoke, education without a
classroom, integration without legislation and diplomacy
without formality. Tourism, as a form of education, is a part of
civilized existence. Tourism allows people to escape from theirroutine humdrum of life; travel provides that change. However,
the level of satisfaction achieved from tourism depends on the
age, health, energy and background of the individual. The
younger and better educated travel more than the elderly and the
less educated.
1- ―the sum total of operators mainly of an economic nature,
which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of
foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or
region‖.
2- tourism is the totality of the relationship and phenomena
arising from the travel and stay of strangers, if the stay
does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence
and is not connected with a remunerated activity.
3- ―Tourism denotes the temporary, short-term movement of
people to destinations outside the place where they
normally live and work including their activities during
their stay at these destinations‖.
Revolution in transport, technological progress and the
emergence of a middle class with time and money to spare for
recreation, has led to the growth of tourism, ‗the modern holiday
industry‘.
Definition of a tourist: A visitor (domestic, inbound or
outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor) if his /her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a day visitor (or
excursionist) otherwise.
Definition of a tourist Keeping in mind the above descriptive
definition of tourism, the self portrait of a tourist is as follows:
‗foreign tourist‘ as ―Any person visiting a country, other than
that in which he usually resides, for a period of at least 24
hours‖. The following persons are considered tourists within this
definition:

1. Persons travelling for pleasure, for domestic reasons, for
   health etc.


2. Persons travelling to meetings or in a representative capacity
   of any kind (scientific, administrative, diplomatic, religions,
   sports etc.)


3. Persons travelling for business purposes Concept of Tourism
   and Industrial Background


4. Persons arriving in the course of sea cruise, even when they
   stay for less than 24 hours
   The following categories were not to be recognised as tourists:


5. Persons arriving, with or without a contract of work, to take
   up an occupation or engage in any business activity in the2. Persons coming to establish a residence in the country, a
   student or young person bonding with an establishment or
   school


6. Residents in a frontier zone and persons domiciled in one
   country and working in an adjoining country


7. Travellers passing through a country without stopping even if
   the journey takes more than 24 hours
   Tourist: The UN/WTO (World Tourism Organization) defines
   visitors as ―any person travelling to a place other than that of
   his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose
   main purpose of the trip is other than the exercise of an activity
   remunerated from within the place visited.‖
   Visitors are further sub-divided into two categories:
   tourists, who must stay one or more night in the place visited,
   and same-day visitors, comprising visitors who visit a place and
   return the same day (without overnight stay).
   This definition recognizes the following categories as
   characterizing the main purpose of travel for tourists:
   (a) leisure, recreation and holidays,
   (b) visiting friends and relatives,
   (c) business and professional (including for study),8
   (d) health treatment,
   (e) religion and pilgrimage, and,
   (f) sports.
   2 Tourist households: A household in which at least one
   member was a tourist during the reference period.
   Tourist trips: A trip is defined as consisting of both travel to the
   destination(s) as well as return to the usual environment of the
   visitor. A trip is counted as part of tourism if it conforms to the
   definition of tourist travel given earlier.
   The definition rely on some elements:
   1- The distance factor. 2- Moving from one residential area to
   another. 3- Duration of stay. 4- Provides the element of desire to
   travel. 5- The purpose of the visit.
   The types of tourism activities and their applications vary
   according to many indicators of environmental giving to the
   natural attractions of environmental resources, or urban
   construction, or the cultural, historical and civilizational
   component, etc., and there is no reason to doubt that the
   difference in the types of tourism constitutes a need to match
   different symbolic and mental images when conceiving Tourists,
   in which each tourist seeks the appropriate type of tourism to
   achieve on the basis of the effect that he wishes to acquire in his
   psyche and apparent behavior, and the resulting moral values, oran understanding of intellectual philosophy, or economic
   construction, and the goal of diversifying tourism activities and
   events is due Due to the difference of those inclinations and
   desires of tourists according to what they desire and aspire to
   achieve, and on the basis of this, tourism applications can appear
   in the structure of tourism construction from residential,
   recreational, therapeutic, religious, scientific, and other projects,
   and the species is not required to overlap with Among them, this
   is subject to the will of the tourist and his decision to choose.
   • Tourism is about a temporary or short-term movement away
   from the place where a person normally lives and works. The
   tourist intends to return home at the end of the visit. The length
   of the visit may be from just one night up to one year. Most
   tourist trips are taken as holidays lasting one or two weeks but
   many business trips last only one night and ‗gap year‘ students
   might be travelling for several months.
   • Tourism usually, but not always, involves staying away from
   home. People travelling outside of their home area are called
   day visitors who are taking part in excursions.
   • Tourism is not only related to leisure although most tourism
   activity takes place during leisure time. People become tourists
   for other reasons including business, visiting friends and
   relatives, education purposes and health purposes.
   • Tourism is also about the activities which people do while at
   the destination they are visiting. These activities might includesunbathing, visiting a theme park, taking part in a religious
   ceremony, skiing or attending a business conference.
   Tourists can be grouped in many ways including where they
   come from.
   Visitor Definition: A visitor is a traveler who travels to a main
   destination outside his / her usual environment, regardless of the
   main motivation (business, leisure or other personal purpose)
   other than being recruited by a permanently existing subject in
   the country or place of visit.
   ‘visitor’ any person visiting a country other than that in which
   he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than
   following an occupation remunerated from within the country
   visited. This definition covers the following:


8. Tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty four
   hours in the country visited and the purposes of whose journey
   can be classified under one of the following headings:
   • Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religions and sport)
   • Business, family, mission, meeting


9. Excursionists, i.e. temporary visitors staying less than twenty
   four hours in the country visited (including travellers on cruises)
   CONCEPT OF TOURISM
   The concept of Tourism is based on making travel from one
   place to another comfortable, in terms of travel, food andaccommodation. The studies carried out in the field of tourism
   reveal that travel and tourism had been an important social
   activity of human beings from times immemorial.
   TOURISM, RECREATION, LEISURE AND THEIR
   INTERRELATIONSHIP
   Recreation is any activity people choose to do during their
   leisure or free time for the fun, pleasure or satisfaction it
   provides. Recreation is better known as an act of diversion: an
   activity that diverts, amuses, refreshes or stimulates the mind,
   body and soul. Recreation planning is a people-oriented process
   that brings together information about the rational allocation of
   recreation and sport resources to meet the present and future
   requirements of people at state, regional and local level.
   Recreation therapy is the use of leisure activity to achieve a
   treatment goal. Therapeutic activities can include art, friendship
   development, dance, outdoor experiences, therapeutic sports and
   more. Recreation therapy can be done in many different settings,
   such as hospitals, rehabilitation centres, nursing homes,
   community parks departments and independent living centres.
   Outdoor recreational activities are undertaken in a natural
   environment and these activities include an educational process
   that facilitates leadership, interpersonal and management skills.History of tourism development
   Tourism is, however, a recent invention. The word was
   unknown in the English language until the last century, and
   increasingly came to have a somewhat suspect meaning,
   describing group travel of the cheaper kind, with an element of
   an insular dislike of strangers and foreigners. In contrast, the
   words travel and traveller were respected, reflecting the quality
   of the earlier travellers who were associated with the rich,
   educated, or aristocratic and society leaders. Thus travel for
   recreation and as an enjoyable activity was a relatively new
   concept. In medieval times and almost up to the end of the
   sixteenth century the population living in agricultural
   communities was static, rarely moving from the village or local
   area. Even with the beginning of the industrial revolution, which
   was making a slow start in the eighteenth century in urban and
   factory development, a richer ‗elite‘ class alone enjoyed leisure
   and travel, while the workers worked in situ. Indeed as
   industrialization got under way, according to Pimlott (1947),
   leisure time or holidays where they existed tended to decrease.
   The Bank of England closed on 47 days in 1761, but on only 4
   days by 1834. While there had always been some travel due to
   wars or on pilgrimages, by government officials, landowners,
   clerics, university students and teachers, the volume was very
   small and entirely purposeful or specialist. The expansion of
   tourism with the growth in population and wealth in theeighteenth century was stimulated by the classic determinants of
   demand – leisure time, money and interest –Development can be
   followed in four distinct stages (discussed below), greatly
   influenced by transport changes, since transport is the key
   service in the business of going away from home to a new
   destination. The introduction with industrial technology of
   cheap and safe travel, with a major reduction in journey time,
   had a dramatic effect on the lives of the population in Britain
   and other European countries, and in the new colonized lands of
   North America and other continents transport influenced travel
   to a greater extent than perhaps any of the other forces released
   by the revolution in wealth-creating industry. However, the
   improvements in transport did not create tourism. The latent
   interest or demand was already there. Wealth in the form of
   disposable income was an essential requirement, and lifestyles
   or fashion proved to be as important in the early days as they are
   today, even if the concept of marketing had not been invented.
   As we shall see, although the pioneers in the trade had never
   heard the word they were in fact very good in practice. In the
   early stages each improvement in transport created quickly more
   traffic than was expected, and more traffic than the new
   resources could bear, a phenomenon known to this day. The
   beginnings of tourism – the four stages Prehistory tourism The
   first of the four stages covers the long period of what might be
   called prehistory tourism: the medieval times and into the earlyseventeenth century when the first signs of industrial growth
   began to affect the way of life which had been established over
   the centuries. Gradual increase in wealth, the extension of the
   merchant and professional classes, the effects of the
   Reformation and the secularization of education stimulated
   interest in other countries, and the acceptance of travel itself as
   an educational force. Transport The railway age represented the
   second stage when steam trains and steamships transformed
   travel opportunities. Rapid growth of population and wealth
   created an enormous new market in a short period of time. Mass
   travel was invented and with it resort development and the
   introduction of the travel trade of agents and tour operators with
   new marketing methods such as organized tours, travel packages
   and posters and brochures. These remain as key marketing tools
   today. Although transport was a major factor in growth, there
   were other essential elements and also some problems because,
   as today, the coordination of transport plans and tourism policies
   or projects was limited or inadequate. They are distinct but
   evidently related areas of mutually dependent activity.
   Development of accommodation and resort infrastructure
   generally followed expansion of transport capacity and traffic
   movement with some delay and uncertainty. The interwar period
   The third stage, almost an interregnum, is represented by the
   interwar period between 1918 and 1939. The full flowering of
   the age of railways and steam was halted abruptly by the FirstWorld War in 1914. As has happened before and since, the war
   gave a great impetus to some forms of technical development
   very helpful in the longer term, notably the expansion of road
   transport and considerable investment in aviation. However, it
   was above all the age of the motor car. New fashions were
   introduced; in what might be called social tourism, through the
   extension of holidays with pay; an extension in a variety of
   recreational and specialist leisure activities; camping and
   caravanning; the spread of youth hostels; cheap transport and
   tours by motor coach. A substantial growth in foreign travel
   occurred. Many of the organizing interests were run by
   noncommercial or voluntary bodies. Once again expansion and
   experimentation was hindered by the great depression of 1930
   and finally brought to a halt by the Second World War in 1939–


10. Tourism take-off The period from 1945, through the postwar
    years up to the present time, represents the fourth or ‗take-off‘
    stage. It has been an era of revolution in technology, massive
    industrial development and change, which resulted in related
    acceleration in wealth creation and escalation of disposable
    incomes. Far-reaching changes in individual lifestyle and in
    personal and group communication have proved to be new
    factors in moulding society. Furthermore, the speed and scale of
    change has greatly increased.Phenomenon OF TOURISM:
    is a complex phenomenon, which comprises of the basic idea of
    shifting a traveller or a group of tourists from one place to
    another, feeding them, making accommodation available,
    making various opportunities of entertainment available {either
    active or passive participation} and returning them back to their
    homes. In the modern era, various tourism offices, agencies,
    international organization, are held to get the uniformity in the
    respective tourist traffic. Following are merits with reference to
    the economic impact. However, tourism is also a form of leisure
    and when leisure becomes an industry, culture is exposed to
    possible adverse impact. As we have seen, tourism has two faces

• the positive side and the negative one. The possible positive
  and negative impact on culture has again to be seen from two
  angles. In the narrower sense, we have to look at the impact on
  the physical-cultural endowments, i.e., cultural heritage and
  products such as monuments, museums etc. In the wider sense,
  we have to look at the impact on the socio- cultural ethos of a
  place. Culture of a society is not simply its art, architecture and
  monuments but extends to the everyday life of the people and
  the environment around that lifestyle.TOURISM: MEANING AND DEFINITION
  It is difficult to define tourism exactly. For some, tourism is an
  industry; for some, it is an activity. If an industry is defined as a
  collection of a number of firms that produce similar goods and
  services in competition with each other, then tourism cannot be
  conceived as an industry, because tourism offers complementary
  services.