Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics focuses on the application of .pharmacological principles in the treatment of patients It involves the use of drugs in clinical settings to diagnose, prevent, and treat .diseases, emphasizing the safe and effective use of medications in humans ,The emphasis is on how drugs are used in real-world medical practice :including Individualized drug therapy (personalized medicine) .Drug efficacy and safety in specific populations .Monitoring therapeutic outcomes .Managing adverse drug reactions and interactions