(HDL).and the American  
Heart Association and American College of Cardiology.[52] There are several  
limitations of the Friedewalk equation as follows o The estimated LDL-C level is not accurate in patients with 
hypertriglyceridemia(up to 4.5mmol/l or 400 mg/dL) - such a setting warrants 
ultracentrifugal single spin analysis or immunoprecipitation technique
o There is an underestimation of LDL-C level in patients with lower LDL-C (less 
than 25 mg/dL or 0.6 mmol/L)
o There is an underestimation of intermediate-density lipoprotein(IDL), and some 
VLDL remnants which are considered atherogenicFirst developed in the  
1960s, Friedewald equation has been used widely to estimate LDL-C which is (total  
cholesterol) - (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) - (triglycerides/5) in  
mg/dL for research as well as clinical purpose.Generally, a lipid profile or lipid  
panel consists of the following 
o Total cholesterol 
o High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 
o Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 
o Triglycerides 
Cholesterol level measurement is from serum.