Space (Descartes) - Space and matter (material substance) are one and the same thing.Analytic works with "true
forms of consequences in argument", which become faulty by variation and deflection. The complete doctrine of detection of fallacies, according to Bacon, contains three segments: 1. Sophistical fallacies, 2. Fallacies of interpretation, and 3. False appearances or Idols. Concerning
(1) Bacon praises Aristotle for his excellent handling of the matter, but he also mentions Plato
honorably, Fallacies of interpretation (2) refer to "Adventitious Conditions or Adjuncts of
Essences", similar to the predicaments, open to physical or logical inquiry, He focuses his
attention on the logical handling when he relates the detection of fallacies of interpretation to the
wrong use of common and general notions, which leads to sophisms.In the last section (3)
Bacon finds a place for his idols, when he refers to the detection of false appearances as "the
deepest fallacies of the human mind: For they do not deceive in particulars, as the others do, by
clouding and snaring the judgment; but by a corrupt and ill-ordered predisposition of mind,
which as it were perverts and infects all the anticipations of the intellect". Idols are productions
of the human imagination (caused by the crooked mirror of the human mind) and thus are
nothing more than "untested generalities".The basic works
Descartes: "Reasonings on a method", "Beginnings of philosophy" and others. The philosophy
for Descartes is a basis of all sciences, in which base is metaphysic. He wrote, that all philosophy
is similar to a tree, which roots - metaphysic, trunk - physics, and branch - all other sciences,
main of which medicine, mechanics and ethics. The practical method Descartes consists in
transition from the general to the particular and refers to as deduction. He is author great words: