Mahmoud Hamdi (1815/1230-1885/1302) was an Egyptian scientist, one of the most prominent astronomers of modern times, and a pioneer of science Archaeological astronomy that linked astronomical phenomena and observatories .. Monuments of unprecedented . Qualifications: In 1824, he entered the Naval School of 1833 known as the Arsenal or Industrial School and graduated his year. He entered the Polytechnic School where he graduated at the end of 1839 and was appointed a tutor, then continued his advanced studies in France and obtained a postgraduate degree in astronomy in 1854 after arriving in Paris four years which helped him I have to translate the first calculus book of the language. French to Arabic in 1842.