1.1 INTRODUCTION
Globalization and technological change processes that have 
accelerated in tandem over the past years have created a new 
global economy -Powered by technology, fueled by information and 
driven by knowledge.?Nature of Educational Technology
So far no one is universally agreed upon the definition of the 
term "educational technology." For most people the term brings to 
mind such electronic gadgetry as film projectors, tape recorders, 
television sets and micro-computers used as teaching tools. Other 
people add such nonelectrical instructional materials as books, 
photographs and charts. Still others subscribe to a definition that 
includes not only items used in teaching but also equipments used 
in educational administration--keeping students' records on the 
micro film, communicating between schools by radio, correcting 
entrance examination papers with the aid of a computer and the 
like. In effect, educational technology can mean different things to 
different people. Even those who have specialised in this field have 
failed to arrive at a proper definition. However, in an attempt to 
satisfy everyone, the Association for Educational Communications 
and Technology in the United States have come to the following 
definition: "Educational technology is a complex integrated process 
involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organisation for 
analysing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and 
managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of 
learning."In fact, there are two meanings attached to the definition of 
the term o'educational technology." One meaning refers to the 
detailed application of psychology of learning to practical teaching 
problems. The second meaning refers to the application of 
engineering principles in the development of electro-mechanical 
equipments of such devices--pictures, tape-recorders, computers 
etc. These two meanings of educational technology interact in 
the design and use of equipment to provide control over the 
learning situation, a rich array of stimulus materials (e.g., films) and 
interaction between responses of the learner and the presentation 
of instructional material.However, the correct meaning of the term "educational 
technology" has been differentiated by Lumsdaine by using two 
different symbols: ET-1, ET-2.The new term "educational technology" suggests itself 
and it may be used to refer to a little beyond the use of equipments 
and techniques that are associated with equipments. On the other 
route, starting from programmed instruction, a wider conception of 
educational technology tends to be reached. It is difficult to keep 
programmed instruction within narrow bounds. Programmed 
instruction begins to look as though it is a part of something larger 
and this is educational or instructional technology. Programmed 
instruction emphasises that the aims of teaching should be 
analysed, the methods of accomplishing them made explicit and the 
effects assessed as precisely as possible. These basic ideas are 
applicable to the systems of instruction that do not necessarily 
include the use of teaching machines. The term "technology", as Ofiesh (1964) observes, implies 
the application of science to art.according to futurist Alvin Toffler, -Will not be those who can not 
read and write, but those who can not learn, Unlearn & relearn?,
Concerns over educational relevance and quality co-exist with the 
imperative of expending educational oppertunities to those made 
most vulnerable by globalization - developing countries in general, 
low income groups, girls and women and low skilled workers in 
particulars.- Darnton and GiacolettFrom the above discussion we can conclude that information 
technology refers to the information processing of the software 
application on operating systems or hardware applications that 
includes computers, videos, telephones and related equipments of 
telecommunications, tapes, CDs etc.But it 
seems a little awkward to observe that whereas the contribution of 
some kind of technology is visibly felt in respect of the operation of 
our hospitals, factories, farms and offices, our classrooms have 
remained a unique example of backwardness by remaining 
insensitive to the technological inputs and their influences.However, the effective integration of ICTS into the 
educational system is a complex, om ultifaceted process that 
involves not just technology, indeed, given enough initial capital, 
getting the technology is the easiest part - but also curriculum and 
pedagogy, Institutional readiness, teacher competencies and 
longterm financing, among others.and more sophisticated 
modern hardware like electronic computers, space satellites, 
language laboratories etc.Programmed Learning and Educational Technology:
Educational technology can be regarded, as the application 
of systematic knowledge about learning and instruction to teaching 
and training with the aim of improving their quality and efficiency.When used appropriately, 
different ICTS are said to help expand access to education, 
Strengthen the relevance of education to the increasingly digital 
workplace, and raise educational quality by, among others, helping 
make teaching and learning into an engaging, active process 
connected to reallife.In addition, teachers who have 
traditionally perceived themselves as classroom's chief performers 
-- lecturing, conducting recitations, leading class discussion -- can 
feel demoted to a less prestigious educational role when they are 
asked to have reading materials, radio, television or computers to 
deliver the content of lessons.For solving the varied problems of education 
successfully, educational technology consisting of various media of 
mass communication, suitable child learning processes, and 
modern testing and evaluation techniques are essential.Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, 
storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical 
information by a micro-electronics - based combination of 
computing and telecommunication.refers to -any communication or 
representation of knowledge such as facts, data or opinions in any 
medium or for, including textual, numerical, graphic Cartographic, 
narrative or audiovisual forms.?Instructional Technology is neithers technology in education 
nor technology of education but both and all pervasive which 
pervades the whole teaching learning or engineering put it should 
be taken as a sum total of all such aspects, which go a long way in 
shaping the personality of the learner in a meaningful context.The point is that it is not merely a system of presentation, a 
particular technique or a set of principles; it is a methodology for 
discovering an efficient means of organising learning situatiens to 
attain specified objectives.The factors 
causing ihe progress of educational technology are:
(1) Student flood due to population explosion;
(2) Acute resource scarcities;
(3) Rising costs;
(4) Unsuilability of output.It spans a wide variety of areas that include but are not 
limited to things such as processes, computer software, computer 
hardware, Programming Languages and data constructs.Definition of Information Technology:
-Information Technology is a scientific, technological and 
engineerning discipline and management technique used in 
handing the information, it's application and association with social, 
economical and cultural matters.?Programmed learning, though wide in scope, is only a part of 
the broader concept of educational technology which must include 
many areas such as the problem of innovation, resources of 
learning, standardisation and compatibility of system components, 
the training of personnel, educational productivity and the design of 
educational plant.Altering 
old leaching habits in order to master new ones entails not only theexpenditure of energy but also the risk of a teacher looking foolish 
by committing embarrassing errors when attempting new 
techniques in the classroom.* Easy availability of updated data
* Connecting Geographically dispersed regions
* Wider range of communication media.1.2.1 Concept of Communication Technology
Communication Technology is also comprised of two words 
like -Communication & Technology?.The interaction of physical sciences with education provides 
us with traditional aids, tools and hardwares such as paper, ink, 
books, radios, lin-guaphones, films, etc.It should, however, be emphasised that techniques 
such as critical path analysis, curriculum development methods and 
task analysis are essential components as well as the hardware 
system.Earlier educators used to advocate the use of audio-visual 
aids in the process of teaching in addition to supplementary aids 
such as pictures, charts, maps, models and various audio-aids.In this connection, Information and communication 
technologies (ICTS) which include radio and television, and the
Internet - have been touted as potentially and powerful enabling 
tools for educational change and reform.The term in its modern sense 
first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Bussiness 
Review, in which authors Leavitt and whisler commented that -the 
new technology does not yet have a single established name.In short, 
anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in 
any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution
mechanism, is considered part of the domains space known as 
Information Technology.It is processing of information interms of accessing 
information, decoding information and sending it via a medium and 
changer to the receivers.Definition of Instructional Technology :
Instructional technology is just what it sounds lie, using 
computers, CD Roms, interactive media, modems, satellites, 
teleconferencing and other technological means to support 
learning.According to the Association fo Educational Communications 
and Technoogy (AECT)
-Instructional Technology is often reffered to as a part of 
educational technology but the use of these terms has changed 
over the years.While instructional Technology covers the 
processes and systems of learning and instruction, educational 
techology includes other systems used in the process of developing 
human capabilities?ET-2 means the application of scientific principles to instruction and 
hence the emphasis is on objectives and performances.Our teacher and via him/her the 
processes of educational resource generation have not properly 
assimilated or understood the importance and relevance of 
technology for the classroom.It modifies the learner's environment through 
the various techniques of presentation, arrangement of learning 
activities and organisation of physical surroundings.But both these meanings make the scope limited because 
educational technology is also concerned with the management 
and organisation of man and material both, so that they achieve the 
specific objectives of planning and implementation.It modifies the learner's environment through 
the varied techniques of presentation, arrangement of learning 
activities and organisation of social and physical surroundings.Technology includes:
(1) Preparing pupils for learning experience;
(2) Reinforcing their values while pupils are sharing the ex-
perience;
(3) Relating the experience with the lesson and thus stimulating
further learning.We will also dicuss the need & significance of ICTS in 
Education with specific reference to historical perspective and 
emerging trends.Instructional 
technology, today is widely accepted as the application of systems 
approach in the systemic design of a learning system and as a 
method or approach combined with the appropriate and necessary 
media and material to bring about improvement in teaching -
learning - evaluation process.It developes new concepts like programmed learning, 
microteching, Simulated teaching, video tape, projector and 
computer etc.Analysis of contents in depth is carried out in this technology.1.3 CONCEPT OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Meaning of "Educational Technology"
Words are of little interest in themselves but they do indicate 
changes in thinking. Once the climate of opinion is right, one may 
arrive at the word "Educational Technology" by different routes.Hence the heading has to 
become audio-visual aids and programmed instruction, an odd 
pairing since some forms of programmed instructions use only the 
printed page.Frequently, teachers avoid attempting a new 
instructional technique because it requires too much from them'in 
energy, time, patience or skill to become adept in its Use.Gradually, the emphasis shifted to the employment of costly 
gadgets such as video and computers and now the multi-media 
approach.This requires modernisation in 
educational management, modernisation of teachers, of learning 
processes, strengthening of educational finance and emphasis on 
non-formal education.As you know the half life of information continues to 
shrink and access to information continues to grow exponentially, 
schools can not remain mere venues for the transmission of a 
prescribed set of information from teacher to student over a fixed 
period of time.- UNSECO
-Information technology is a systemic study of artifacts that 
can be used to give form to facts inorder to provide meaning for 
decision making, and artifacts that can be used for organization, 
processing, communication and application of information?the application of learning theories and
styles to designing instruction
the selection of materials and tools to design and implement 
a design.In modern education, we can 
witness the impact of two forces; one, of physical sciences and 
electronics and the other, of behavioural sciences, operating on theprocess of instruction.In fact, as long as programmed learning co-ordinates these 
techniques, it is woven into the fabric of educational technology.This is because some 
technologies are not accepted or only partly accepted because they 
require too many adjustments of traditional methods of instruction 
or administration.Thus the amount of change required in the existing habits 
and the fear of failure or of decreased prestige can affect the 
teachers' willingness to accept a new technology.To utilise educational 
television (ETV), many teachers think that much training equipment 
and general reevaluation of teaching goals and activities would be 
required.Scope of Educational Technology
By taking into consideration the usefulness of educational 
technology in all branches of education, one dare not deny thevastness of its scope.It is concerned with 
achieving the goals--of maintaining internal discipline, adapting to 
its environment etc.Especially 
in developing countries like India, it has to be mastered and utilised 
by educationists if they are to keep pace with each other and catch 
up with the developed nations.As such both quantitative expansion 
and qualitative improvement of education can be facilitated and 
accelerated with the help of educational technology.The uniqueness of educational technology is characterised as:
(1) Use of a broad range of resources fo: learning;
(2) Emphasis on individualised learning; and
(3) Use of systems approach.The effectiveness of educational 
technology depends on:
(1) Ability to achieve goals;
(2) To maintain itself internally; and
(3) To adapt to its environment.The emergence of this new global economy 
has serious implications for the nature and purpose of educationalinstitutions.The international Labour 
organization defines the requirements for education and training in 
the new global economy simply as a -Basic education for all,?-Information Technology is any equipment or interconnected 
system or sub system of equipments that is used in the acquistion, 
storage manipulation, management transmission or reception of 
data or information.?It is the process & 
transfering information form a Sender to a receiver with the use of a 
medium in which the communication information is understood by 
both sender and receiver.Systems such as 
telephone, telex, Fax, radio, T.V. and Video are included, as well as 
more recent computer based technologies, including electronic data 
interchange and e-mail.?In short, communication technolgoy is the activity of 
designing and constructing and maintaining communication 
systems.They are:
Systematic application of scientific knowledge to the practical 
tasks and
the division of the practical tasks into sections and Subsections.It is a contiuous, dynamic, progressive & effect producing 
method.It can not replace the teacher
Characteristics of Instructional Technology :
It is helpful in achieving cognitive objectives.For this reason, a wide range of presentation, control and feedback 
devices may be employed such as teaching machines, stimulators 
and computers.Looked at from another point of view, the job of the 
programmer can be regarded as that of providing appropriate 
opportunities for the pupils to learn.If educational technology possesses any value at all, it is 
vital that the teachers in training shall be introduced to its 
philosophy and techniques.Educational technology is thus the application of scientific 
knowledge about learning and conditions of learning to improve the 
effectiveness of teaching and learning.It faciliates 
communication between individuals or groups.-Communication?