Soon after Alfred Binet introduced intelligence testing in France, the U.S. Public Health Service began using such tests to measure the intelligence of people seeking to immi-  grate to the United States (Figure 2-3).Reporting on his find- ings in a paper entitled "Mental Tests and the Immigrant," Goddard (1917) concluded that, in this sample, 83% of the Jews, 80% of the Hungarians, 79% of the Italians, and 87% of the Russians were feebleminded. Although Goddard had written extensively on the genetic nature of mental deficiency, it is to his credit that he did not summarily conclude that these test findings were the result of hereditary. Rather, Goddard (1917) wondered aloud whether the findings were due to "hereditary defect" or "apparent defect due to deprivation" (p. 243).Goddard (1913) used interpreters in test administration, employed a bilingual psychologist, and administered mental tests to selected immi- grants who appeared mentally retarded to trained observers.