Hope has been described by numerous philosophers, theologians, educators, and scientists over the years.Stotland and Gottschalk cach described hope as expectancies about reaching goals, with Stotland emphasizing the importance and probability of achieving goals, and Gottschalk describing a positive force that propels individuals to work through difficult circumstances.For xample, Averill and colleagues described hope as an emotion that was guided by cognitions and influenced by environmental conditions.Some conceptions of hope view the construct as att emotion that allows individuals to sustain belief during challenging times.Similarly, Staats viewed hope as an expectancy which interacts with wishes to weigh the possibility and affect connected to the achievement of goals.While popular literature has generally portrayed this affective view of hope, most research has been conducted about models of hope that are more cognitive in nature.Similar to previous theories, this conceptualization of hope is primarily cognitive in nature.