Topics
 20ty century architecture 
(modernism)
 o Pioneers 
first generation
 o Frank Lloyd Wright
 o Le Corbusier
 o Mies Van Der Rohe
 o Walter Gropius
 Second generation
 Third generation
 o Archigram group
 o Post modernism 60th 
o High - Tech
 o Post Modernism
 o Deconstruction
 o Metabolism 
Research Topics 
o Smart architecture
 o Active envelopes 
o Dynamic - kinetic , Architecture 
o Bioclimatic  Architecture
 o Biomimatec Architecture
 o Nano Architecture
 o Liquid - fluid ,Architecture
 o Biophilic Architecture
 o Artificial Intelligent
 o Net-Zero Energy 
o Parametric Architecture
 o Biomat Architecture
 ??????Notre Dame du Raincy 1922
Villa Kaufmann (Waterfalls) 
by Frank Lloyd Wright
 1936 
Exhibition Building, Turin, by Pier Luigi 
Nervi, at Turin, Italy, 1948 to 1949In the beginning of 19th century, 
many researches were done to 
know to what extend can the 
R.C. can bear the tension 
(firefighting - large spans - 
cantilevers - open plans - 
corner openings - shells and 
creative forms - slim buildings). Reinforced concrete
 ? In1879, Ward - mechanical engineering- was the first one to 
use the R.C. to construct a complete building 'walls - beams - 
slabs' in his house in Philadelphia. ? Portland concrete invention added strength to the R.C.
 ? Official recognition of reinforced concrete in 1906. August Perret
 ?????? 1902
 ????? ????? ????? ?? ? The French engineering Francois Hennebique was the 
pioneer to spread the R.C. when he constructed his 
company in Paris which consists of 5 floors (thin walls - 
saved areas - heights - flexibility - interior light walls 
which can be modified).Shells were early used by 5-7cm thickness to construct 
a ceiling in a form of barrel vaults in some storages in 
Casablanca (1916), then in le Raincy Notre Dame 
church in Paris (1922) in a vertical design composition - precast unites .Art Nouveaux- Anto Nio Gaudi
Architects divided at the end of the 19th century
 The constructions seized the opportunity of the controversy between the 
architects and constructed many industrial buildings and facilities with 
reinforced concrete, iron and glass.On the other side of the Atlantic, the Civil War in America was 
happened, which was an English colony for the exile of 
criminals, and North America was unified with the  South, and 
became the richest capitalist in history, but rooted in a 
civilizational knot towards Europe with civilization and culture, 
which was held in the 19th century with the origins Classical 
architecture, and became the hope for the rich American to 
had houses, palaces and public buildings similar to the 
classics of Europe and this was done even in the first 
skyscrapers .Then The Chicago school group, which calls for a purely American 
architecture away from the European platform, the group was 
headed by the Adler & Sullivan and also Burnham & Root, and they 
successfully developed the design of high-steel buildings instead of 
thick walls - agility - Glass wide windows  - almost devoid of 
decorations.Adolf Loos: Chicago 
Tribune competition entry, 1922
Reinforced concrete
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